细胞侵袭周围的细胞外基质或跨越组织边界和内皮屏障在生理和病理情况下均发生，如免疫监视或癌症转移。足突和侵柱，统称为“侵突”，是驱动细胞蛋白酶侵袭的肌动蛋白构造物，通过形成高度调节的平台来释放局部的分解酶以分解基质。最近高分辨率显微镜技术、体内成像和高通量分析的进展在理解侵突机制方面取得了可观的进展，揭示了这些结构的复杂内部结构，以及它们的生长功能范围超出了基质降解。在本文中，我们讨论足突和侵柱的已知功能、结构和调节机制。特别地，我们描述了局部肌动蛋白周转和微管基于货物输送的分子机制，重点关注使蛋白酶侵袭成为可能的基质降解酶。最后，我们指出未来侵突领域应该变得重要的主题。© 2022。Springer Nature Limited。

Cell invasion into the surrounding extracellular matrix or across tissue boundaries and endothelial barriers occurs in both physiological and pathological scenarios such as immune surveillance or cancer metastasis. Podosomes and invadopodia, collectively called 'invadosomes', are actin-based structures that drive the proteolytic invasion of cells, by forming highly regulated platforms for the localized release of lytic enzymes that degrade the matrix. Recent advances in high-resolution microscopy techniques, in vivo imaging and high-throughput analyses have led to considerable progress in understanding mechanisms of invadosomes, revealing the intricate inner architecture of these structures, as well as their growing repertoire of functions that extends well beyond matrix degradation. In this Review, we discuss the known functions, architecture and regulatory mechanisms of podosomes and invadopodia. In particular, we describe the molecular mechanisms of localized actin turnover and microtubule-based cargo delivery, with a special focus on matrix-lytic enzymes that enable proteolytic invasion. Finally, we point out topics that should become important in the invadosome field in the future.© 2022. Springer Nature Limited.