中性粒细胞感知微生物和宿主炎症介质，并流向感染部位，向病原体发起广泛的抗微生物产品。中性粒细胞还通过细胞损伤产生的伤害相关分子模式（DAMPs）被激活，这些DAMPs通过与微生物相似的途径刺激先天免疫系统。中性粒细胞和血小板被损伤激活，并聚集并互相交叉信号，共同推动抗微生物防御和止血。此外，中性粒细胞外泌物是由于微生物和损伤模式而产生的细胞外染色质和颗粒成分，是促凝血和有害的。虽然中性粒细胞可能加剧组织损伤，但中性粒细胞也可能在损伤后促进伤口修复。本文综述的中心主题是，针对感染和损伤而进化的中性粒细胞的关键功能如何调节肿瘤微环境（TME），从而促进或限制肿瘤进展。肿瘤微环境重塑中性粒细胞，并反过来与肿瘤细胞进行交叉信号，重塑肿瘤的免疫景观。重要的是，新的有希望的治疗策略已经被开发出来，以目标中性粒细胞的招募和功能，使癌症免疫疗法更加有效。©2022 John Wiley＆Sons A / S。由John Wiley＆Sons Ltd.发表。

Neutrophils sense microbes and host inflammatory mediators, and traffic to sites of infection where they direct a broad armamentarium of antimicrobial products against pathogens. Neutrophils are also activated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are products of cellular injury that stimulate the innate immune system through pathways that are similar to those activated by microbes. Neutrophils and platelets become activated by injury, and cluster and cross-signal to each other with the cumulative effect of driving antimicrobial defense and hemostasis. In addition, neutrophil extracellular traps are extracellular chromatin and granular constituents that are generated in response to microbial and damage motifs and are pro-thrombotic and injurious. Although neutrophils can worsen tissue injury, neutrophils may also have a role in facilitating wound repair following injury. A central theme of this review relates to how critical functions of neutrophils that evolved to respond to infection and damage modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) in ways that can promote or limit tumor progression. Neutrophils are reprogrammed by the TME, and, in turn, can cross-signal to tumor cells and reshape the immune landscape of tumors. Importantly, promising new therapeutic strategies have been developed to target neutrophil recruitment and function to make cancer immunotherapy more effective.© 2022 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.