病原真菌已成为获得性免疫缺陷病（如HIV/AIDS）和毒瘤或自身免疫性疾病的化疗、免疫抑制剂或靶向生物制剂治疗、或器官移植后感染病的重要致病因素，导致严重的感染病和死亡。此外，近年来，多药耐药性的阿氏酵母(Candida auris)在全球卫生保健设施中引起致命的爆发事件，并对全球公共卫生产生重大关切。快速进展在天生免疫缺陷性疾病与真菌病的易感性方面的认识与功能研究，并开发了临床相关的动物模型，增强了我们对真菌识别和效应通路以及适应性免疫反应的理解。在本综述中，我们综合了我们当前对哺乳动物抗真菌免疫的细胞和分子决定因素的理解，重点关注有望为易感患者人群的风险分层、预后、预防和治疗提供信息的观察结果，以应对威胁人类生命的真菌感染。© 2023年。这是美国政府的工作，并不受美国版权保护; 可能适用外国版权保护。

Pathogenic fungi have emerged as significant causes of infectious morbidity and death in patients with acquired immunodeficiency conditions such as HIV/AIDS and following receipt of chemotherapy, immunosuppressive agents or targeted biologics for neoplastic or autoimmune diseases, or transplants for end organ failure. Furthermore, in recent years, the spread of multidrug-resistant Candida auris has caused life-threatening outbreaks in health-care facilities worldwide and raised serious concerns for global public health. Rapid progress in the discovery and functional characterization of inborn errors of immunity that predispose to fungal disease and the development of clinically relevant animal models have enhanced our understanding of fungal recognition and effector pathways and adaptive immune responses. In this Review, we synthesize our current understanding of the cellular and molecular determinants of mammalian antifungal immunity, focusing on observations that show promise for informing risk stratification, prognosis, prophylaxis and therapies to combat life-threatening fungal infections in vulnerable patient populations.© 2023. This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply.