高频突变在肿瘤基因组中的存在可以作为肿瘤疫苗开发的一项有利资源。近年来，随着基因组学、智能算法以及肿瘤免疫学深入挖掘的突破，快速定位肿瘤细胞基因组变异并有理选择疫苗靶点已成为可能。在众多候选疫苗平台中，肿瘤MRNA疫苗的早期应用受到其不稳定、低效和过度免疫原性等技术瓶颈的限制，直到成功开发针对新冠病毒的mRNA疫苗才破解了疫苗制备的技术难关，让肿瘤mRNA疫苗在经济、稳定和高效的表现下迅速制备。本文系统总结了肿瘤抗原的分类和特点，筛选新抗原的一般过程和方法，疫苗制备策略以及临床试验的进展，同时介绍了当前mRNA肿瘤疫苗开发面临的主要挑战。© 2023. 作者(们)。

High-frequency mutations in tumor genomes could be exploited as an asset for developing tumor vaccines. In recent years, with the tremendous breakthrough in genomics, intelligence algorithm, and in-depth insight of tumor immunology, it has become possible to rapidly target genomic alterations in tumor cell and rationally select vaccine targets. Among a variety of candidate vaccine platforms, the early application of mRNA was limited by instability low efficiency and excessive immunogenicity until the successful development of mRNA vaccines against SARS-COV-2 broken of technical bottleneck in vaccine preparation, allowing tumor mRNA vaccines to be prepared rapidly in an economical way with good performance of stability and efficiency. In this review, we systematically summarized the classification and characteristics of tumor antigens, the general process and methods for screening neoantigens, the strategies of vaccine preparations and advances in clinical trials, as well as presented the main challenges in the current mRNA tumor vaccine development.© 2023. The Author(s).