血液恶性肿瘤(HMs)是一组进展迅速、难以治疗、高度复发的疾病。HMs 中存在免疫系统被抑制的表型，越来越多的证据表明细胞毒性 T 细胞相关蛋白 4(CTLA-4)在HMs病程中的作用。本文评述了成各个亚型 HMs 中 CTLA-4 的作用的最近文献，概述了关于表达模式，对不同HMs预后的影响，以及 CTLA-4 的多态性的研究。最后，讨论了在体外、体内和临床试验中靶向 CTLA-4 的效果。依据最近的文献，CTLA-4 在不同的 HMs 中存在过度表达，与低生存率相关，在慢性淋巴细胞白血病 (CLL)中与更好的预后相关。在治疗急性髓性白血病 (AML)、席夫综合症 (SS)、霍奇金淋巴瘤 (HL) 等HMs中，靶向 CTLA-4 是有帮助的，而在多发性骨髓瘤(MM)和CLL中不推荐甚至可能会有害。此外，似乎某些 CTLA-4 基因的多态性是 HMs 病程中高效的因素。未来的研究可能会拓宽我们对 CTLA-4 在 HMs 中作用的认识。

Hematological Malignancies (HMs) are a group of progressive, difficult-to-treat, and highly recurrent diseases. A suppressed phenotype of the immune system is present in HMs and growing evidence indicates the role of Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-Associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) in the course of HMs.This article reviews the recent literature on the role of CTLA-4 in different subtypes of HMs. Here, the studies on the expression pattern, its effect on the prognosis of different HMs, and polymorphisms of CTLA-4 have been elaborated. Finally, the effect of targeting CTLA-4 in vitro and in vivo, as well as in clinical trials, is discussed.According to the recent literature, CTLA-4 is overexpressed in different HMs, which is correlated with poor survival, while it is associated with better a prognosis in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL). Targeting CTLA-4 in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), Sezary Syndrome (SS), Hodgkin's Lymphoma (HL), and so on, is helpful. While this is not recommended and may even be harmful in multiple myeloma (MM) and CLL. Also, it seems that certain CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms are efficient factors in the course of HMs. Future studies may broaden our knowledge regarding the role of CTLA-4 in HMs.