定期进行中度至高强度的体育锻炼（PA）以及提高心肺健康水平（CRF）可以带来益处，在医学界和所服务的患者中常常不被充分认识。CRF低的个体医疗保健成本较高，手术并发症率较高，与风险因素和冠状动脉钙化指数相匹配时，早逝的可能性是比其健康对照组两到三倍。对急性冠状动脉综合征患者来说，住院前较高的PA水平也与更好的短期心血管结果有关。因此，本综述审查了这些关系以及受益机制潜在的基础（例如，运动预适应），特别是与心血管、癌症、冠状病毒疾病的发病率、处方启示和优化健康结果的运动阈值相关的。为了评估支持或反驳PA和CRF益处的证据，我们进行了文献搜索（PubMed），并对迄今为止的证据进行了批判性的审查。总的来说，这些数据在阐明定期进行PA和/或提高CRF对预防和治疗慢性和传染性疾病的影响时，针对基于证据的运动阈值呈现出医学界可以采纳和推广的内容。 版权所有©2022 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Elsevier Inc. 保留所有权利。

The beneficial health effects and prognostic significance of regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (PA), increased cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), or both are often underappreciated by the medical community and the patients they serve. Individuals with low CRF have higher annual health care costs, higher rates of surgical complications, and are two to three times more likely to die prematurely than their fitter counterparts when matched for risk factor profile or coronary calcium score. Increased levels of habitual PA before hospitalization for acute coronary syndromes are also associated with better short-term cardiovascular outcomes. Accordingly, this review examines these relations and the potential underlying mechanisms of benefit (eg, exercise preconditioning), with specific reference to the incidence of cardiovascular, cancer, and coronavirus diseases, and the prescriptive implications and exercise thresholds for optimizing health outcomes. To assess the evidence supporting or refuting the benefits of PA and CRF, we performed a literature search (PubMed) and critically reviewed the evidence to date. In aggregate, these data are presented in the context of clarifying the impact that regular PA and/or increased CRF have on preventing and treating chronic and infectious diseases, with reference to evidence-based exercise thresholds that the medical community can embrace and promote.Copyright © 2022 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.