同种异体造血干细胞移植（aHSCT）是治疗高危和复发的年轻白血病的一种选择。在这项回顾性人群研究中，我们评估了在1985年至2004年间诊断为急性淋巴细胞白血病或急性髓系白血病的35岁以下患者中，aHSCT（N=272）与常规治疗（N=1098）后心血管并发症的情况。此外，来自以前比较组的兄弟姐妹担任了人群对照（N=39217）。儿童白血病和aHSCT与发展动脉高血压的16倍危险度比（HR 16.8，95%CI 1.5-185.5）相比常规治疗有关。与常规治疗相比，AYA白血病和aHSCT后任何心血管并发症的危险度比为2倍（HR 2.7，95% CI 1.4-5.1）。在AYA白血病和aHSCT后，心律失常的危险度比显著升高相对于常规治疗（HR 14.4，95%CI 1.5-125.2）。此外，在儿童进行aHSCT后，与健康对照组相比，心肌病/心力衰竭（HR 105.0，95%CI 10.0-1100.0）、心律失常和动脉高血压的危险度比显著升高（HR 20.1，95%CI 2.5-159.7和HR 20.0，95%CI 4.1-97.4）。在AYA白血病和aHSCT后，明显增加的心律失常的风险度比观察到（HR 29.2，95%CI 6.6-129.2），脑血管血栓/动脉粥样硬化和心肌病/心力衰竭的危险度比相对于健康对照（HR 23.4，95%CI 7.1-77.4和HR 19.2，95%CI 1.5-245.2）。随着儿童和AYA白血病患者随访期间心血管并发症累积的增加，有必要进行长期心血管监测，以优化常规治疗和aHSCT后儿童和AYA白血病患者的生活质量。 © 2023 UICC。

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) represents a therapeutic choice for high-risk and relapsed leukemia at a young age. In this retrospective population-based study, we evaluated cardiovascular complications after aHSCT (N = 272) vs conventional therapy (N = 1098) among patients diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic or acute myeloid leukemia below 35 years between 1985 and 2004. Additionally, siblings from a prior comparison group served as population controls (N = 39 217). Childhood leukemia and aHSCT was associated with a 16-fold HR for developing arterial hypertension (HR 16.8, 95%CI 1.5-185.5) compared with conventional therapy. A 2-fold HR for any cardiovascular complication was observed after AYA leukemia and aHSCT vs conventional treatment (HR 2.7, 95% CI 1.4-5.1). After AYA leukemia and aHSCT, the HR of cardiac arrhythmia was significantly elevated vs conventional therapy (HR 14.4, 95% CI 1.5-125.2). Moreover, after aHSCT in childhood, elevated hazard ratios (HRs) were found for cardiomyopathy/ cardiac insufficiency (HR 105.0, 95% CI 10.0-1100.0), cardiac arrhythmia, and arterial hypertension (HR 20.1, 95%CI 2.5-159.7 and HR 20.0, 95%CI 4.1-97.4) compared with healthy controls. After adolescent and young adult (AYA) leukemia and aHSCT, markedly increased HRs were observed for cardiac arrhythmia (HR 29.2, 95%CI 6.6-129.2), brain vascular thrombosis/ atherosclerosis and cardiomyopathy/cardiac insufficiency (HR 23.4, 95%CI 7.1-77.4 and HR 19.2, 95%CI 1.5-245.2) compared with healthy controls. As the cumulative incidence for cardiovascular complications rose during the follow-up of childhood and AYA leukemia patients, long-term cardiovascular surveillance is warranted to optimize the quality of life after childhood and AYA leukemia following both conventional treatment and aHSCT.© 2023 UICC.