转运RNA（tRNA）是一类非编码RNA，负责蛋白质合成中的氨基酸转运，并广泛存在于生物体中。在特定的修饰和条件下，tRNA可以被剪切和分解成小的非编码RNA，称为tRNA衍生小RNA（tDRs）。随着高通量测序技术和生物信息学策略的发展，越来越多的tDRs已被鉴定并在生物体中表现出其功能。tRNA及其衍生的tDRs不仅对转录和翻译至关重要，还参与调节细胞增殖、凋亡、转移和免疫等重要生命活动。tDRs的异常表达与多种人类疾病特别是肿瘤发生和进展相关。肿瘤微环境（TME）是一个由各种细胞和细胞外组分组成的复杂生态系统，与肿瘤相互兼容。研究表明，tDRs通过调节癌细胞干细胞、免疫、能量代谢、上皮间质转化和细胞外基质重塑来调节TME，起着促进肿瘤或抑制肿瘤的作用。本综述将根据最新可用知识总结和讨论tDRs的生成、分类和功能，以及其对TME的影响和临床应用前景。© 2023. 作者。

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs responsible for amino acid translocation during protein synthesis and are ubiquitously found in organisms. With certain modifications and under specific conditions, tRNAs can be sheared and fragmented into small non-coding RNAs, also known as tRNA-derived small RNAs (tDRs). With the development of high-throughput sequencing technologies and bioinformatic strategies, more and more tDRs have been identified and their functions in organisms have been characterized. tRNA and it derived tDRs, have been shown to be essential not only for transcription and translation, but also for regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and immunity. Aberrant expression of tDRs is associated with a wide range of human diseases, especially with tumorigenesis and tumor progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex ecosystem consisting of various cellular and cell-free components that are mutually compatible with the tumor. It has been shown that tDRs regulate the TME by regulating cancer stem cells, immunity, energy metabolism, epithelial mesenchymal transition, and extracellular matrix remodeling, playing a pro-tumor or tumor suppressor role. In this review, the biogenesis, classification, and function of tDRs, as well as their effects on the TME and the clinical application prospects will be summarized and discussed based on up to date available knowledge.© 2023. The Author(s).