肺癌是美国和全球主要的死因。治疗肺癌的选择包括手术、放疗、化疗和靶向药物治疗。医疗管理往往与治疗耐药性的发展导致复发有关。因其耐受安全、免疫记忆生成的可持续治疗反应以及在广泛患者群体中的有效性，免疫疗法正在深刻地改变癌症治疗方法。不同的肿瘤特异性疫苗策略在肺癌治疗中越来越受重视。本综述讨论了在肺癌治疗中，CAR T细胞疗法、TCR和TIL的最新进展、相关的临床试验及其面临的障碍。最近的肺癌病人试验（无可靶向的致癌基因突变）表明，PD-1/PD-L1检查点阻滞免疫疗法可以获得显著且持久的反应。越来越多的证据表明，有效的抗肿瘤免疫反应的丧失与肺肿瘤进化有关。将治疗性肿瘤疫苗与免疫检查点抑制剂相结合可以获得更好的治疗效果。因此，本文详细介绍了近年来针对小细胞肺癌（SCLC）和非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）的免疫治疗进展。此外，本文还探讨了纳米医学在肺癌免疫疗法中的意义以及传统疗法与免疫疗法方案的联合应用。最后，本文还强调了正在进行的临床试验、重要障碍以及这种治疗策略的未来展望，以促进该领域的进一步研究。 © 2023. 作者。

Lung cancer is the primary cause of mortality in the United States and around the globe. Therapeutic options for lung cancer treatment include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted drug therapy. Medical management is often associated with the development of treatment resistance leading to relapse. Immunotherapy is profoundly altering the approach to cancer treatment owing to its tolerable safety profile, sustained therapeutic response due to immunological memory generation, and effectiveness across a broad patient population. Different tumor-specific vaccination strategies are gaining ground in the treatment of lung cancer. Recent advances in adoptive cell therapy (CAR T, TCR, TIL), the associated clinical trials on lung cancer, and associated hurdles are discussed in this review. Recent trials on lung cancer patients (without a targetable oncogenic driver alteration) reveal significant and sustained responses when treated with programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) checkpoint blockade immunotherapies. Accumulating evidence indicates that a loss of effective anti-tumor immunity is associated with lung tumor evolution. Therapeutic cancer vaccines combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) can achieve better therapeutic effects. To this end, the present article encompasses a detailed overview of the recent developments in the immunotherapeutic landscape in targeting small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Additionally, the review also explores the implication of nanomedicine in lung cancer immunotherapy as well as the combinatorial application of traditional therapy along with immunotherapy regimens. Finally, ongoing clinical trials, significant obstacles, and the future outlook of this treatment strategy are also highlighted to boost further research in the field.© 2023. The Author(s).