肺癌是全球癌症相关死亡的主要原因。尽管天然杀伤细胞（NK细胞）因为其选择性识别和消灭癌细胞的能力而引起了人们对其作为潜在抗癌疗法的兴趣，但它们在治疗包括肺癌在内的实体肿瘤方面的应用受到了一些限制，例如它们到达肿瘤组织的能力有限、肿瘤浸润NK细胞的抗肿瘤活性降低以及抑制性肿瘤微环境的存在等。本综述全面分析了肺癌微环境与NK细胞之间的相互作用。我们重点介绍了肺癌微环境调节NK细胞表型和限制浸润的各种机制，并探讨了肺癌微环境限制NK细胞抗肿瘤活性的作用，并讨论了目前阻碍NK细胞为基础的肺癌免疫治疗成功的挑战和障碍。我们已经或正在开发潜在的机会和有前景的策略来解决这些挑战，以优化基于NK细胞的肺癌免疫治疗。通过对现有文献和新兴趋势进行批判性评估，本综述提供了关于用于治疗肺癌的基于NK细胞的免疫治疗的未来的全面展望。

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Although natural killer (NK) cells are garnering interest as a potential anticancer therapy because they selectively recognize and eliminate cancer cells, their use in treating solid tumors, including lung cancer, has been limited due to impediments to their efficacy, such as their limited ability to reach tumor tissues, the reduced anti-tumor activity of tumor-infiltrating NK cells, and the suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). This comprehensive review provides an in-depth analysis of the crosstalk between the lung cancer TME and NK cells. We highlight the various mechanisms used by the TME to modulate NK cell phenotypes and limit infiltration, explore the role of the TME in limiting the anti-tumor activity of NK cells, and discuss the current challenges and obstacles that hinder the success of NK cell-based immunotherapy for lung cancer. Potential opportunities and promising strategies to address these challenges have been implemented or are being developed to optimize NK cell-based immunotherapy for lung cancer. Through critical evaluation of existing literature and emerging trends, this review provides a comprehensive outlook on the future of NK cell-based immunotherapy for treating lung cancer.