尽管肿瘤的起始是由癌细胞中的致肿瘤转化信号引发的，但癌细胞的生存、侵袭和转移也需要与肿瘤微环境（TME）中细胞外信号的动态和相互关联。原纤毛是一种类似天线的结构，能够在不同组织和细胞中介导信号感知和传导。最近的研究开始揭示肿瘤生长过程中癌细胞和TME中细胞之间的纤毛异质性使TME中的细胞间信号传导出现不对称情况，表明原纤毛在癌细胞和TME的稳态维持中发挥了重要作用。在本综述中，我们讨论了原纤毛的结构和组装的最新进展，以及原纤毛在肿瘤和TME形成中的作用，以及针对不同肿瘤细胞和TME中细胞的纤毛动态和信号的治疗潜力。© 2023 The Authors. 由Wiley Periodicals LLC出版的《细胞生理学杂志》发表。

Despite the initiation of tumor arises from tumorigenic transformation signaling in cancer cells, cancer cell survival, invasion, and metastasis also require a dynamic and reciprocal association with extracellular signaling from tumor microenvironment (TME). Primary cilia are the antenna-like structure that mediate signaling sensation and transduction in different tissues and cells. Recent studies have started to uncover that the heterogeneous ciliation in cancer cells and cells from the TME in tumor growth impels asymmetric paracellular signaling in the TME, indicating the essential functions of primary cilia in homeostasis maintenance of both cancer cells and the TME. In this review, we discussed recent advances in the structure and assembly of primary cilia, and the role of primary cilia in tumor and TME formation, as well as the therapeutic potentials that target ciliary dynamics and signaling from the cells in different tumors and the TME.© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Physiology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.