纳米技术提供了在精准肿瘤学的新时代中革命化癌症治疗的可能性。近年来，类似生物仿生纳米颗粒的细胞外囊泡（extracellular vesicles, EVs）被认为是一种有前途的靶向肿瘤药物传递平台。与传统合成载体相比，EVs样生物仿生纳米颗粒具有较低的免疫原性、更长的循环时间和更好的靶向能力等优点。对于EVs样生物仿生纳米颗粒作为肿瘤治疗药物的研究正在从体外实验快速进展到体内动物模型和早期临床试验阶段。在这里，我们描述了进一步改进EVs样生物仿生纳米颗粒作为有效抗癌药物载体的工程策略，包括原始细胞的基因操作、与合成纳米材料的融合以及EVs的直接修饰。这些工程方法可以提高EVs样生物仿生纳米颗粒的抗癌性能，特别是在肿瘤靶向效果、隐形性能、药物负载能力和与其他治疗模式的整合方面。最后，讨论了作为下一代抗癌药物传递平台的工程化EVs样生物仿生纳米颗粒目前面临的障碍和未来前景。©2023年 BioMed Central有限公司，Springer Nature旗下的一部分。

Nanotechnology offers the possibility of revolutionizing cancer theranostics in the new era of precision oncology. Extracellular vesicles (EVs)-like biomimetic nanoparticles (EBPs) have recently emerged as a promising platform for targeted cancer drug delivery. Compared with conventional synthetic vehicles, EBPs have several advantages, such as lower immunogenicity, longer circulation time, and better targeting capability. Studies on EBPs as cancer therapeutics are rapidly progressing from in vitro experiments to in vivo animal models and early-stage clinical trials. Here, we describe engineering strategies to further improve EBPs as effective anticancer drug carriers, including genetic manipulation of original cells, fusion with synthetic nanomaterials, and direct modification of EVs. These engineering approaches can improve the anticancer performance of EBPs, especially in terms of tumor targeting effectiveness, stealth property, drug loading capacity, and integration with other therapeutic modalities. Finally, the current obstacles and future perspectives of engineered EBPs as the next-generation delivery platform for anticancer drugs are discussed.© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.