儿童周围性神经母细胞瘤表现为3个主要神经嵴谱系：原始神经母细胞瘤、神经节母细胞瘤和神经节瘤。它们独特之处在于神经元（神经节细胞）和施瓦恩细胞的成熟，从而重现了大脑中正常胎儿神经发育的过程。通过神经成熟标记物的免疫反应，可以增强对神经发生的精确估计。在不同转移部位的器官组织因素是否影响成熟速率，以及转移灶是否与原发性神经母细胞瘤相似的研究尚未完全记录。我们研究了四名年幼儿童，其中一名患有混合性原发性肾上腺肿瘤，另外三名有转移灶，手术或尸检后进行了研究。免疫细胞化学反应包括微管相关蛋白-2、突触小泡蛋白、染色颗粒蛋白-A、生长抑素、角质硫酸盐、微丝蛋白、S-100β蛋白和PHOX2B。原发肿瘤呈非均一性，其中部分区域成熟程度较差或有增强。每种肿瘤类型中，神经元和施瓦恩细胞系起到作用，但比例不同。双核或多核神经节细胞和单核形式成熟程度相同。不论目标器官如何，转移灶中神经节细胞的成熟情况相似。转移灶与原发性肿瘤相似。神经元和施瓦恩细胞成熟的免疫细胞化学标记物提供了更大的诊断精确性，以补充组织学标准。原发肿瘤与转移灶之间的诊断时间间隔、转移靶器官和化疗的时间间隔似乎不影响神经母细胞和施瓦恩细胞的分化。（翻译保留英文出处）

Peripheral neuroblastic tumors of childhood exhibit 3 principal neural crest lineages: primitive neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma. They are unique in undergoing maturation of neurons (ganglion cells) and Schwann cells, thereby recapitulating normal fetal neuronal development in the brain. Precision in estimating neurogenesis is enhanced by immunoreactivities of markers of neuronal maturation. Whether organ tissue factors in different sites of metastases influence rates of maturation and whether metastases are similar to their primary neuroblastic tumor are incompletely documented. Four young children, 1 with a mixed primary adrenal tumor and 3 with metastases were studied at surgery or autopsy. Immunocytochemical reactivities included microtubule-associated protein-2, synaptophysin, chromogranin-A, somatostatin, keratan sulfate, vimentin, S-100β protein, and PHOX2B. Primary tumors were non-uniform with regions of either poor or enhanced maturation. Both neuronal and Schwannian lineages were represented in each tumor type but differed in proportions. Bi- or multi-nucleated ganglion cells matured equal to mononuclear forms. Ganglion cell maturation was similar in metastases regardless of the target organ. Metastases resembled primary tumors. Immunocytochemical markers of neuronal and of Schwann cell maturation provide greater diagnostic precision to supplement histological criteria. Interval between diagnosis of primary tumor and metastases, metastatic target tissues, and chemotherapy over an interval of time do not appear to influence neuroblastic or Schwann cell differentiation.© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of American Association of Neuropathologists, Inc. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.