源自致病微生物的传染病极具传染性，感染源难以控制，严重危害生命和公共卫生安全。尽管抗生素的出现在早期具有良好的治疗效果，但抗生素的滥用造成了耐药性病原体的演变，逐渐削弱了抗生素的致病力和可用性。癌症是比致病菌感染更严重的疾病，同样威胁到人类的生命和健康。传统的治疗方法存在易复发、预后差、副作用多、毒性高等限制。这两个问题导致了新型治疗药物（如共轭聚合物）和治疗策略（如光治疗）的探索和研发，以避免药物耐药性和毒性副作用的增加。共轭聚合物（CPs）是一类具有优异光电性能的有机聚合物生物功能材料，在生物医学领域得到了广泛研究，如病原微生物和肿瘤的检测和治疗，具有易修饰、功能化、生物相容性好和成本低的优势。目前已经报道了关于基于共轭聚合物的检测和治疗应用的全面综述。本文综述了近年来在生物医学领域中使用的共轭聚合物的设计策略和研究现状，根据不同的检测或治疗方法介绍和讨论了其在病原微生物和肿瘤检测和治疗中的最新进展，以及前瞻性探索中的限制和潜在挑战。

The infectious diseases resulting from pathogenic microbes are highly contagious and the source of infection is difficult to control, which seriously endangers life and public health safety. Although the emergence of antibiotics has a good therapeutic effect in the early stage, the massive abuse of antibiotics has brought about the evolution of pathogens with drug resistance, which has gradually weakened the lethality and availability of antibiotics. Cancer is a more serious disease than pathogenic bacteria infection, which also threatens human life and health. Traditional treatment methods have limitations such as easy recurrence, poor prognosis, many side effects, and high toxicity. These two issues have led to the exploration and development of novel therapeutic agents (such as conjugated polymers) and therapeutic strategies (such as phototherapy) to avoid the increase of drug resistance and toxic side effects. As a class of organic polymer biological functional materials with excellent photoelectric properties, Conjugated polymers (CPs) have been extensively investigated in biomedical fields, such as the detection and treatment of pathogens and tumors due to their advantages of easy modification and functionalization, good biocompatibility and low cost. A rare comprehensive overview of CPs-based detection and treatment applications has been reported. This paper reviews the design strategies and research status of CPs used in biomedicine in recent years, introduces and discusses the latest progress of their application in the detection and treatment of pathogenic microorganisms and tumors according to different detection or treatment methods, as well as the limitations and potential challenges in prospective exploration.