痘病毒针对先天免疫介质，例如肿瘤坏死因子、白细胞介素、干扰素、补体和趋化因子。它还针对适应性免疫，例如 CD4 T 细胞、CD4 T 细胞和 B 细胞。猴痘病毒（MPXV）是一种原产于中非和西非的人畜共患疾病，最近流行的猴痘病毒（MPXV）除了缺乏针对痘病毒感染的许可治疗方法之外，还促使研究人员寻找有效的抑制剂来帮助预防和治疗痘病毒感染。天然生物活性成分，特别是多酚类物质，有望用于制造强大的抗氧化剂、抗炎剂、免疫刺激剂和抗病毒剂。因此，它们是预防和治疗病毒性疾病的潜在有效疗法，例如痘病毒引起的感染，包括最近大流行的 MPXV。多酚类：迷迭香酸、咖啡酸、白藜芦醇、槲皮苷、杨梅苷、姜辣素、棓单宁、蜂胶苯并呋喃A，以及异喹啉生物碱：加兰他敏和沙利莫宁是针对MPXV的潜在抗病毒药物，它们可以通过针对不同的靶标来抑制MPXV和其他痘病毒。病毒元件包括 DNA 拓扑异构酶 I (TOP1)、胸苷激酶 (TK)、丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶 (Ser/Thr 激酶) 和蛋白 A48R。不同传统植物的生物活性提取物包括塞内加尔、三齿蛇、瓶子草、长寿花、生姜、没食子栎、漆树、夏枯草、鼠尾草、迷迭香、牛至等也能抑制不同痘病毒的生长，包括 MPXV、牛痘病毒 (VACV)、天花病毒、水牛痘病毒、鸡痘病毒和牛痘病毒。迫切需要进行额外的分子研究来识别和确认各种天然生物活性成分的抗痘病毒特性，尤其是那些对其他病毒表现出有效抗病毒活性的成分。© 2024。作者，获得 Springer Nature 独家许可瑞士股份公司。

Poxviruses target innate immunity mediators such as tumor necrosis factors, interleukins, interferons, complement, and chemokines. It also targets adaptive immunity such as CD4+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and B cells. Emerging of the recent epidemic of monkeypox virus (MPXV), a zoonotic disease native to Central and Western Africa, besides the lack of permitted treatments for poxviruses infections, encouraged researchers to identify effective inhibitors to help in preventing and treating poxviruses infections. Natural bioactive components, particularly polyphenolics, are promising for creating powerful antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, immune-stimulating, and antiviral agents. As a result, they are potentially effective therapies for preventing and treating viral diseases, such as infections caused by poxviruses including the recent pandemic MPXV. Polyphenolics: rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, resveratrol, quercitrin, myricitrin, gingerol, gallotannin, and propolis-benzofuran A, as well as isoquinoline alkaloids: galanthamine and thalimonine represent prospective antiviral agents against MPXV, they can inhibit MPXV and other poxviruses via targeting different viral elements including DNA Topoisomerase I (TOP1), Thymidine Kinase (TK), serine/threonine protein kinase (Ser/Thr kinase), and protein A48R. The bioactive extracts of different traditional plants including Guiera senegalensis, Larrea tridentata, Sarracenia purpurea, Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Quercus infectoria, Rhus chinensis, Prunella vulgaris L., Salvia rosmarinus, and Origanum vulgare also can inhibit the growth of different poxviruses including MPXV, vaccinia virus (VACV), variola virus, buffalopox virus, fowlpox virus, and cowpox virus. There is an urgent need for additional molecular studies to identify and confirm the anti-poxviruses properties of various natural bioactive components, especially those that showed potent antiviral activity against other viruses.© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.