蛇表现出防御活动，通常通过视觉或听觉表现来对抗侵略者。该研究观察了皮下注射亚致死剂量的眼镜蛇粗毒液后的情况。促炎细胞因子，如肿瘤坏死α (TNF-α) 和白细胞介素 6 (IL-6)，以及抗炎细胞因子，如白细胞介素 10 (IL-10) 和炎症介质前列腺素 E -2（PG-E2），进行了评估。血管通透性（VP）用于评估各种组织和器官（包括大鼠腹膜腔和淋巴器官）中血管的渗漏或通透性。努比亚毒液引起淋巴器官的组织学改变。研究发现，两种毒液剂量（1/4 和 1/2 LD50）可诱导高水平的炎症活动，炎症细胞因子的产生证明了这一点。这些发现表明，毒液通过特异性增加 T 辅助细胞、IL-6、TNF-α、IL-10 和 PG-E2 来增强先天免疫。结果揭示了毒液是否具有免疫调节作用并促进炎症。这些数据对炎症性疾病新药和治疗方法的开发具有重大影响。版权所有 © 2024。由 Elsevier Ltd 出版。

Snakes show defensive activities, often counting visual or auditory displays against an aggressor. The study observed what happens to rats administered subcutaneously sub-lethal doses of crude venom Naja nubiae. The pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), and inflammatory mediator's prostaglandin E-2 (PG-E2), were evaluated. Vascular permeability (VP) was employed to assess how leaky or permeable blood vessels are in various tissues and organs, including the rat peritoneal cavity and lymphoid organs. Lymphoid organs' histological alterations brought on by Nubiae venom. The study found that the two venom doses-1/4 and 1/2 LD50-induced high levels of inflammatory activity as evidenced by the production of inflammatory cytokines. These findings demonstrated that venom enhanced innate immunity through specifically increased T helper cells, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, and PG-E2. The results reveal whether the venom has an immunomodulatory effect and promotes inflammation. The data have a substantial impact on the development of new drugs and treatments for inflammatory conditions.Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.