乙型肝炎感染与全球肝癌的发生密切相关，肝细胞癌 (HCC) 病例的患病率超过 50%。乙型肝炎病毒 (HBV) 编码乙型肝炎病毒 X (HBx) 蛋白，这是 HBV 共价闭合环状 DNA (cccDNA) 微染色体转录所必需的多效性调节蛋白。既往研究表明，HBV相关HCC在多个信号通路中受到HBx的影响，导致原癌基因和抑癌基因发生基因突变和表观遗传修饰。此外，转化生长因子-β (TGF-β) 在恶性肿瘤的各个阶段具有二分潜力，因为它是调节多种细胞和生理过程的关键信号通路。在早期HCC中，TGF-β具有显着的抗肿瘤作用，而在晚期HCC中，它促进恶性进展。 TGF-β与HCC中的HBx蛋白相互作用，调节HCC的发病机制。本文综述了HBx和TGB-β在HCC发生和发展中各自和联合的作用。版权所有©2024 Yan，Rao，Fan，Liang，Zhang和Dong。

Hepatitis B infection is substantially associated with the development of liver cancer globally, with the prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases exceeding 50%. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) encodes the Hepatitis B virus X (HBx) protein, a pleiotropic regulatory protein necessary for the transcription of the HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) microchromosome. In previous studies, HBV-associated HCC was revealed to be affected by HBx in multiple signaling pathways, resulting in genetic mutations and epigenetic modifications in proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. In addition, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has dichotomous potentials at various phases of malignancy as it is a crucial signaling pathway that regulates multiple cellular and physiological processes. In early HCC, TGF-β has a significant antitumor effect, whereas in advanced HCC, it promotes malignant progression. TGF-β interacts with the HBx protein in HCC, regulating the pathogenesis of HCC. This review summarizes the respective and combined functions of HBx and TGB-β in HCC occurrence and development.Copyright © 2024 Yan, Rao, Fan, Liang, Zhang and Dong.