肿瘤疫苗是免疫治疗的重要组成部分，通过激活或恢复人体自身的免疫系统来预防癌症或杀死现有的肿瘤细胞。目前，已开发出多种剂型的肿瘤疫苗，包括细胞疫苗、肿瘤细胞膜疫苗、肿瘤DNA疫苗、肿瘤mRNA疫苗、肿瘤多肽疫苗、病毒载体肿瘤疫苗、肿瘤原位疫苗等。肿瘤疫苗也有多种递送系统，如脂质体、细胞膜囊泡、病毒、外泌体和乳剂。此外，为了降低单一肿瘤疫苗可能存在的肿瘤免疫逃逸和免疫耐受的风险，肿瘤疫苗与放疗、化疗、免疫检查点抑制剂、细胞因子、CAR-T疗法或光免疫疗法的联合治疗是一种有效的策略。鉴于肿瘤疫苗在免疫治疗中的关键作用，这里我们回顾一下肿瘤疫苗的历史，讨论肿瘤疫苗的抗原、佐剂、剂型、递送系统、机制、联合治疗以及未来的发展方向。

Tumor vaccines, an important part of immunotherapy, prevent cancer or kill existing tumor cells by activating or restoring the body's own immune system. Currently, various formulations of tumor vaccines have been developed, including cell vaccines, tumor cell membrane vaccines, tumor DNA vaccines, tumor mRNA vaccines, tumor polypeptide vaccines, virus-vectored tumor vaccines, and tumor-in-situ vaccines. There are also multiple delivery systems for tumor vaccines, such as liposomes, cell membrane vesicles, viruses, exosomes, and emulsions. In addition, to decrease the risk of tumor immune escape and immune tolerance that may exist with a single tumor vaccine, combination therapy of tumor vaccines with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines, CAR-T therapy, or photoimmunotherapy is an effective strategy. Given the critical role of tumor vaccines in immunotherapy, here, we look back to the history of tumor vaccines, and we discuss the antigens, adjuvants, formulations, delivery systems, mechanisms, combination therapy, and future directions of tumor vaccines.