华支睾吸虫、猫后吸虫和猫吸虫是人类和动物病原体的肝吸虫，分布在欧洲和亚洲的大部分地区。然而，与其他更广为人知的被忽视疾病相比，它们常常被低估，尽管事实上有数百万人受到感染，数亿人处于危险之中。这可能是因为感染和疾病的慢性性质，并且需要几十年的时间才会出现危及生命的病理。过去十年的几项研究提供了有关肝吸虫分子生物学的更多信息，这显然有助于更好地了解寄生虫生物学、系统学和群体遗传学。华支睾吸虫病和阿片吸虫病的特点是慢性感染，诱发肝胆炎症，特别是导管周围纤维化，可通过超声检查检测到。这些慢性炎症最终导致胆管癌（CCA），这是一种通常致命的胆管癌，在一些感染者中发生。仅在泰国，与阿片吸虫病相关的 CCA 每年就导致多达 20,000 人死亡，因此对公共卫生具有重大意义。它对贫困家庭和社区的社会经济影响相当大。为降低肝胆发病率和CCA，主要干预措施集中于控制和消除肝吸虫。准确诊断人类和其他哺乳动物、蜗牛和鱼类中间宿主的肝吸虫感染对于实现这些目标非常重要。虽然通过吡喹酮化疗可以实现控制肝吸虫的短期目标，但针对学童的全面健康教育方案被认为更有利于长期目标/解决方案。建议采用跨学科研究或多部门控制方法，包括一种健康和/或生态健康干预策略来对抗肝吸虫，从而有助于减少流行地区的 CCA。© 2024。作者，独家向 Springer Nature Switzerland AG 授予许可。

Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini and O. felineus are liver flukes of human and animal pathogens occurring across much of Europe and Asia. Nevertheless, they are often underestimated compared to other, better known neglected diseases in spite of the fact that many millions of people are infected and hundreds of millions are at risk. This is possibly because of the chronic nature of the infection and disease and that it takes several decades prior to a life-threatening pathology to develop. Several studies in the past decade have provided more information on the molecular biology of the liver flukes which clearly lead to better understanding of parasite biology, systematics and population genetics. Clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis are characterized by a chronic infection that induces hepatobiliary inflammation, especially periductal fibrosis, which can be detected by ultrasonography. These chronic inflammations eventually lead to cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a usually fatal bile duct cancer that develops in some infected individuals. In Thailand alone, opisthorchiasis-associated CCA kills up to 20,000 people every year and is therefore of substantial public health importance. Its socioeconomic impacts on impoverished families and communities are considerable. To reduce hepatobiliary morbidity and CCA, the primary intervention measures focus on control and elimination of the liver fluke. Accurate diagnosis of liver fluke infections in both human and other mammalian, snail and fish intermediate hosts is important for achieving these goals. While the short-term goal of liver fluke control can be achieved by praziquantel chemotherapy, a comprehensive health education package targeting school children is believed to be more beneficial for a long-term goal/solution. It is recommended that transdisciplinary research or multisectoral control approach including one health and/or eco health intervention strategy should be applied to combat the liver flukes and hence contribute to reduction of CCA in endemic areas.© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.