在过去的几年中，纳米技术取得了显着的进步，导致了在医学领域，特别是在癌症诊断、成像和治疗方面具有潜在用途的新材料的开发。黑磷量子点（BPQD）是新兴的纳米材料之一，因其独特的性能和在生物医学应用中的潜力而引起人们的兴趣。本综述旨在详细概述 BPQD 的合成、表征和利用方式。讨论了 BPQD 的合成方法，重点是获得尺寸可控的高质量 BPQD。描述了两种主要方法，即自上而下的去角质和自下而上的技术。尽管合成方面取得了进展，但仍存在阻碍 BPQD 实际应用的挑战，例如分散性差和耐久性短。为了解决这些问题，讨论了增强生物相容性和减少潜在毒性的技术，例如表面修饰。 BPQD 在生物成像方面具有潜力，因为与传统成像剂相比，它们具有更高的分辨率和灵敏度。它们的小尺寸和广阔的表面积使它们适合药物输送系统，从而能够有效地掺入治疗物质。通过用靶向配体对 BPQD 进行功能化，它们可以选择性地与癌细胞或组织结合，使其成为靶向治疗的理想选择。此外，BPQD可以作为生物传感器来检测体液中的生物标志物，进一步扩大其生物医学应用。然而，在成功转化为临床之前，还需要进一步研究来优化 BPQD 的合成方法并评估其长期安全性。尽管如此，随着持续的研究和开发，BPQD 的医疗用途预计会扩大。© 2024。作者，获得 Springer Nature Switzerland AG 的独家许可。

In the past few years, there has been notable advancement in nanotechnology, leading to the development of new materials with potential uses in the medical field, especially in cancer diagnosis, imaging, and therapy. Black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) are one of the emerging nanomaterials that have generated interest due to their unique properties and potential in biomedical applications. This review aims to give a detailed overview of how BPQDs are synthesized, characterized, and utilized. The synthesis methods of BPQDs are discussed, with a focus on obtaining size-controlled and high-quality BPQDs. Two main approaches, top-down exfoliation and bottom-up techniques, are described. Despite advancements in synthesis, there are challenges hindering the practical application of BPQDs, such as poor dispersion and short durability. To address these issues, techniques to enhance biocompatibility and reduce potential toxicity, such as surface modifications, are discussed. BPQDs have potential in bioimaging as they offer higher resolution and sensitivity compared with traditional imaging agents. Their small size and expansive surface area make them suitable for drug delivery systems, enabling the effective incorporation of therapeutic substances. By functionalizing BPQDs with targeting ligands, they can selectively bind to cancer cells or tissue, making them ideal for targeted therapies. Moreover, BPQDs can serve as biosensors to detect biomarkers in bodily fluids, further expanding their biomedical applications. However, before they can be successfully translated into clinical settings, further research is needed to optimize the synthesis methods of BPQDs and evaluate their long-term safety profiles. Nonetheless, with ongoing research and development, the medical uses of BPQDs are expected to expand.© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.