原发性气管小细胞癌是一种罕见的肿瘤，属于神经内分泌肿瘤。由于肿瘤罕见且症状不特异，经常被误诊为其他慢性肺部疾病，从而延误诊断。在这里，我们描述了一名 52 岁男性，出现呼吸困难和咳嗽。他因疑似哮喘或细支气管炎而接受支气管扩张剂治疗数月，但没有任何改善。一般检查时他有中枢性喘息。胸部 CT 扫描除胸部气管软组织突出外无异常。支气管镜检查发现一个巨大的外生肿瘤。活检标本显示为气管小细胞癌。患者在支气管镜检查后不久、在接受任何治疗之前就因病去世。我们通过这份病例报告的努力是为了提高人们对这种罕见肿瘤的认识，因为延误诊断可能会导致严重的并发症甚至死亡。版权所有© 2023 国家结核病和肺部疾病研究所。

Primary small cell carcinoma of the trachea is a rare tumor fitting in the spectrum of neuroendocrine tumors. Due to the rarity and unspecific symptoms, the tumor is frequently misdiagnosed with other chronic lung diseases, and diagnosis is delayed. Here, we described a 52-year-old male presenting with dyspnea and cough. He had been treated with bronchodilators for months for suspected asthma or bronchiolitis without improvement. He had central wheezing on the general examination. Chest CT scan was unremarkable except for soft tissue prominence in the thoracic trachea. A large exophytic tumor was observed on bronchoscopy. A biopsy specimen was taken and revealed small cell carcinoma of the trachea. The patient succumbed to illness a short time after the bronchoscopy and before receiving any treatment. Our effort through this case report was to raise awareness of this rare tumor since a delay in diagnosis could lead to serious complications and even death.Copyright© 2023 National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.