肾细胞癌 (RCC) 是一种常见的恶性肿瘤，预计到 2022 年，全球将有 434840 例病例。在美国，它是男性中第六大常见癌症，女性中第九大常见癌症。透明细胞肾细胞癌是最常见的组织学亚型（ 75%-80% 的病例），其特征是 von Hippel Lindau (VHL) 肿瘤抑制基因失活。许多患者 (37%-61%) 在腹部影像学检查（如超声或计算机断层扫描）中偶然被诊断为 RCC，70% 的患者在诊断时患有 I 期 RCC。尽管从 2015 年到 2019 年，肾细胞癌的发病率每年增加约 1%，但从 2016 年到 2020 年，美国 RCC 的死亡率每年下降约 2%。患有实性肾肿块或复杂囊性肾肿块的患者应转诊至美国泌尿外科。仅限于肾脏的肾细胞癌的治疗选择包括部分或根治性肾切除术的手术切除、消融技术（例如冷冻消融、射频消融、放射）或对某些患者（特别是肾脏肿块<2 cm的患者）进行主动监测。对于肾脏肿块小于 4 厘米的患者（48% 的患者），肾部分切除术可使 5 年癌症特异性生存率超过 94%。对于晚期或转移性肾细胞癌，免疫检查点抑制剂联合治疗或免疫检查点抑制剂与酪氨酸激酶抑制剂联合治疗，肿瘤反应率为42%至71%，中位总生存期为46至56个月。RCC是一种常见的恶性肿瘤这通常是通过腹部影像学检查偶然诊断出来的。 70% 的患者被诊断为 I 期 RCC，11% 的患者被诊断为 IV 期。早期 RCC 的一线治疗是部分或根治性肾切除术、消融技术或主动监测，这可以使 5 年癌症特异性生存率超过 94%。转移性肾细胞癌患者的新治疗选择包括免疫检查点抑制剂和酪氨酸激酶抑制剂。

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common malignancy, with an estimated 434 840 incident cases worldwide in 2022. In the US, it is the sixth most common cancer among males and ninth among females.Clear cell RCC is the most common histologic subtype (75%-80% of cases) and is characterized by inactivation of the von Hippel Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene. Many patients (37%-61%) are diagnosed with RCC incidentally on an abdominal imaging study such as ultrasound or computed tomographic scan, and 70% of patients have stage I RCC at diagnosis. Although its incidence has increased approximately 1% per year from 2015 through 2019, the mortality rate of RCC has declined about 2% per year in the US from 2016 through 2020. Patients with a solid renal mass or complex cystic renal mass should be referred to urology. Treatment options for RCC confined to the kidney include surgical resection with partial or radical nephrectomy, ablative techniques (eg, cryoablation, radiofrequency ablation, radiation), or active surveillance for some patients (especially those with renal masses <2 cm). For patients with renal masses less than 4 cm in size (48% of patients), partial nephrectomy can result in a 5-year cancer-specific survival of more than 94%. For advanced or metastatic RCC, combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors or the combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors with tyrosine kinase inhibitors are associated with tumor response of 42% to 71%, with a median overall survival of 46 to 56 months.RCC is a common malignancy that is often diagnosed incidentally on an abdominal imaging study. Seventy percent of patients are diagnosed with stage I RCC and 11% of patients with stage IV. First-line treatments for early-stage RCC are partial or radical nephrectomy, which can result in 5-year cancer-specific survival of more than 94%, ablative techniques, or active surveillance. New treatment options for patients with metastatic RCC include immune checkpoint inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors.