肝细胞癌（HCC）对肿瘤学提出了巨大的挑战，需要创新的治疗方法。由于免疫疗法的引入，辅助治疗和新辅助治疗都已成为治疗 HCC 的有前途的策略，旨在降低复发风险并最终提高生存率。本综述考虑了当前的证据、正在进行的临床试验和未来的策略阐明 HCC 新辅助和辅助治疗的不断演变的前景。辅助和新辅助治疗方案，特别是那些结合免疫检查点抑制剂的方案，在 HCC 中表现出令人鼓舞的安全性和疗效结果。虽然仍然存在重大挑战，包括优化患者选择和终点定义，但不断发展的新辅助和辅助治疗的前景有望最大限度地发挥免疫疗法在 HCC 所有阶段的治疗潜力。对肿瘤生物学和宿主免疫的进一步了解将塑造这些方法的作用，这些方法即将在临床实践中成为现实。

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) presents a formidable challenge in oncology, demanding innovative treatment approaches. Both adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapies, thanks to the introduction of immunotherapy, have emerged as promising strategies in the management of HCC, aiming to reduce the risk of relapse and ultimately to improve survival.This review considers current evidence, ongoing clinical trials and future strategies to elucidate the evolving landscape of neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatments in HCC.Both adjuvant and neoadjuvant regimens, notably those incorporating immune checkpoint inhibitors, demonstratsed encouraging safety profiles and efficacy outcomes in HCC.While significant challenges persist, including optimizing patient selection and endpoint definition, the evolving landscape of neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy holds promise for maximizing the therapeutic potential of immunotherapy across all stages of HCC. Further insights into tumor biology and host immunity will shape the role of these approaches which are close to becoming reality in clinical practice.