肾移植被认为是双刃剑。移植可以部分恢复肾功能，但也伴随着许多与健康相关的共病症。心血管疾病（CVD）、恶性肿瘤和感染等都会限制受者和移植物的存活。免疫抑制药物会改变先天和适应性免疫力并导致免疫功能障碍。免疫系统的过度抑制会导致感染，而免疫系统的过度轻微抑制则会导致移植排斥。运动是已知的治疗干预方法，具有许多生理益处，对免疫功能的影响尚未充分表征，可能包括根据运动模式、强度和持续时间等因素产生的正面和负面影响。高强度间歇训练（HIIT）由于在临床和非临床人群中改善心血管风险的传统和炎症标志物而变得更受欢迎。虽然这些改善与中等强度运动所见的改善相似，但HIIT需要更短的总时间承诺，同时即使减少运动量也可以看到改善。该研究的目的是探讨8周HIIT和中等强度连续训练（MICT）对肾移植受体（KTRs）的生理和免疫影响。此外，还探讨了KTRs和非CKD对照组在纵向期间免疫和炎症细胞的自然变化。新开发的多色流式细胞术方法被设计用于鉴定和表征免疫细胞群体。26个KTRs被随机分配到两个HIIT方案或MICT中的一个：HIIT A（n = 8，4-，2-和1-min间隔; 80-90％VO2peak），HIIT B（n = 8，4x4min间隔; 80-90％VO2peak），或MICT（n = 8，约40分钟; 50-60％VO 2peak），以在固定自行车上进行24次督导训练（大约每周3次，在8±2周内）。采集训练前、训练中、训练后和3个月后的血样。新型多色流式细胞术面板被开发用于表征来自外周血单个核细胞的淋巴细胞和髓样细胞群体。在8周的干预中未观察到循环免疫和炎症细胞的变化。可行性研究表明，使用HIIT和MICT协议的运动计划不会对KTRs的免疫功能产生不良负面影响。因此，这些协议可能在免疫学上对这些患者是安全的。参与者无法达到目标运动强度可能是由于这一人群的生理异常引起的，这需要进一步研究。版权所有©2022国际运动与免疫学学会。保留所有权利。

Kidney transplantations are seen to be a double-edge sword. Transplantations help to partially restore renal function, however there are a number of health-related co-morbidities associated with transplantation. Cardiovascular disease (CVD), malignancy and infections all limit patient and graft survival. Immunosuppressive medications alter innate and adaptive immunity and can result in immune dysfunction. Over suppression of the immune system can result in infections whereas under suppression can result in graft rejection. Exercise is a known therapeutic intervention with many physiological benefits. Its effects on immune function are not well characterised and may include both positive and negative influences depending on the type, intensity, and duration of the exercise bout. High intensity interval training (HIIT) has become more popular due to it resulting in improvements to tradional and inflammatory markers of cardiovascular (CV) risk in clinical and non-clinical populations. Though these improvements are similar to those seen with moderate intensity exercise, HIIT requires a shorter overall time commitment, whilst improvements can also be seen even with a reduced exercise volume. The purpose of this study was to explore the physiolocial and immunological impact of 8-weeks of HIIT and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) in kidney transplan recipients (KTRs). In addition, the natural variations of immune and inflammatory cells in KTRs and non-CKD controls over a longitudinal period are explored. Newly developed multi-colour flow cytometry methods were devised to identify and characterise immune cell populations. Twenty-six KTRs were randomised into one of two HIIT protocols or MICT: HIIT A (n=8; 4-, 2-, and 1-min intervals; 80-90% VO2peak), HIIT B (n=8, 4x4 min intervals; 80-90% VO2peak), or MICT (n=8, ~40 min; 50-60% VO2peak) for 24 supervised sessions on a stationary bike (approx. 3x/week over 8 ± 2 weeks). Blood samples taken pre-training, mid training, post-training and 3 months later. Novel multi-colour flow cytometric panels were developed to characterise lymphoid and myeloid cell population from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. No changes were observed for circulating immune and inflammatory cells over the 8-week interventions. The feasibility study does not suggest that exercise programmes using HIIT and MICT protocols elicit adverse negative effects on immunity in KTRs. Therefore, such protocols may be immunologically safe for these patients. The inability of the participants to achieve the target exercise intensities may be due to physiological abnormalities in this population which warrants further investigation.Copyright © 2022 International Society of Exercise and Immunology. All rights reserved.