化学预防指使用天然或合成的药物来阻止、压制或预防癌症的进展或复发。大量的临床前和临床数据表明阿司匹林有防止癌前病变和癌症的能力，但很多临床数据都是推论性的，基于描述性流行病学、病例对照和队列研究或设计来回答其他问题的研究（例如心血管死亡率）。多个药理、临床和流行病学研究表明，阿司匹林可以预防某些癌症，但在不同的组织或疾病和器官部位可能会导致其他影响。阿司匹林最知名的生物靶点是促使多种功能发挥作用的环氧化酶，包括止血、炎症和免疫调节。新认识到的分子和细胞相互作用表明存在其他可调节的功能靶点，并且一致的分子癌症亚型的存在表明阿司匹林可能基于肿瘤的异质性产生差异效应。本文重点介绍阿司匹林在癌症化学预防中的潜在作用所涉及的新药理发展和生物药剂学创新。

Chemoprevention refers to the use of natural or synthetic agents to reverse, suppress, or prevent the progression or recurrence of cancer. A large body of preclinical and clinical data suggest the ability of aspirin to prevent precursor lesions and cancers, but much of the clinical data are inferential and based on descriptive epidemiology, case control, and cohort studies or studies designed to answer other questions (e.g., cardiovascular mortality). Multiple pharmacological, clinical, and epidemiologic studies suggest that aspirin can prevent certain cancers but may also cause other effects depending on the tissue or disease and organ site in question. The best-known biological targets of aspirin are cyclooxygenases, which drive a wide variety of functions, including hemostasis, inflammation, and immune modulation. Newly recognized molecular and cellular interactions suggest additional modifiable functional targets, and the existence of consensus molecular cancer subtypes suggests that aspirin may have differential effects based on tumor heterogeneity. This review focuses on new pharmacological developments and innovations in biopharmacology that clarify the potential role of aspirin in cancer chemoprevention.