尽管有关新型靶向药物和免疫疗法的热情高涨，但对于大多数人类恶性肿瘤，化疗仍然是主要的治疗方法，单独使用或联合使用。然而，化疗相关不良事件（CAAEs）的负担仍然很高，而且重要的是，它与患者在多个方面，包括身体，情感和社交功能方面的相当发病率，死亡率和成本有关。 CAAEs可以直接影响患者的治疗效果，并间接增加癌症复发的风险，因为它们会削弱治疗的强度和连续性。系统地努力鉴定和批判性地总结有关CAAEs管理方法的证据仍然有限。 在这里，我们回顾了对生存，生活质量，功能和/或最佳疗法连续性具有重大影响的最常见的急性CAAEs。 我们重点关注在治疗期间发生的一些急性毒性，总结其潜在的病理生理学，多因素病因学，循证治疗，预防策略和管理建议。 我们还总结了有关风险因素，经过验证的风险评估工具和其他努力，以个性化预防和治疗急性CAAE的症状控制的可用证据，以使受益最大的患者受益最大。 最后，我们讨论正在开发中的创新症状监测和支持性护理干预，以进一步改善癌症患者的结局。© 2022 Springer Nature Limited。

Despite the enthusiasm surrounding novel targeted agents and immunotherapies, chemotherapy remains the mainstay treatment for most human malignancies, either alone or in combination. Yet, the burden of chemotherapy-associated adverse events (CAAEs) remains high and, importantly, is associated with considerable morbidity, mortality and costs that affect patients across multiple dimensions, including physical, emotional and social functioning. CAAEs can directly affect patient outcomes and indirectly increase the risk of cancer recurrence by compromising treatment intensity and continuity. Systematic efforts to identify and critically summarize the evidence on management approaches for CAAEs remain limited. Herein, we review the most common acute CAAEs having a major effect on survival, quality of life, function and/or continuation of optimal therapy. We focus on selected acute toxicities that occur during treatment, summarizing their underlying pathophysiology, multifactorial aetiologies, evidenced-based treatments, prevention strategies and management recommendations. We also summarize the available evidence on risk factors, validated risk assessment tools and other efforts to optimize symptom control in patients most likely to benefit in order to personalize the prevention and treatment of acute CAAEs. Finally, we discuss innovative symptom monitoring and supportive care interventions that are under development to further improve the outcomes of patients with cancer.© 2022. Springer Nature Limited.