多种抗癌方案的治疗效果取决于肿瘤内禀因素和与宿主相关的因素之间微妙平衡的保持。在这种情况下，饮食成分的定性变化以及总热量供应的变化影响了癌症生物学的重要方面，从肿瘤起始到转移扩散。一方面，营养失衡或过量热量摄入的情况促进了肿瘤发生，加速了肿瘤进展，妨碍了抗癌治疗的效果。另一方面，基于营养素不足的大量（例如禁食，模拟禁食饮食）或选择性（例如氨基酸）方法目前备受瞩目，因为它们能够增强抗癌药物的效果。虽然禁食的化疗敏化效应长期以来被归因于肿瘤细胞过度需求的代谢需求，但最近的研究表明，限制热量摄入通过提高抗癌免疫监视来改善化疗和免疫治疗的疗效。在这里，我们提供了对当前针对营养干预对癌症治疗反应影响的临床与预临床研究的关键概述，特别强调了与禁食相关的干预措施。版权所有©2022年Elsevier Inc.。保留所有权利。

The therapeutic outcome of multiple anticancer regimens relies upon a fine balance between tumor intrinsic and host-related factors. In this context, qualitative changes in dietary composition as well as alterations in total calorie supply influence essential aspects of cancer biology, spanning from tumor initiation to metastatic spreading. On the one hand, circumstances of nutritional imbalance or excessive calorie intake promote oncogenesis, accelerate tumor progression, and hamper the efficacy of anticancer treatments. On the other hand, approaches based on bulk (e.g., fasting, fasting mimicking diets) or selective (e.g., amino acids) shortage of nutrients are currently in the spotlight for their ability to potentiate the effect of anticancer drugs. While the chemosensitizing effect of fasting has long been attributed to the overdemanding metabolic requirements of neoplastic cells, recent findings suggest that caloric restriction improves the efficacy of chemotherapy and immunotherapy by boosting anticancer immunosurveillance. Here, we provide a critical overview of current preclinical and clinical studies that address the impact of nutritional interventions on the response to cancer therapy, laying particular emphasis on fasting-related interventions.Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.