细胞外囊泡（EVs）由身体中所有细胞释放，形成了一个重要的细胞间交流网络，对健康和疾病的贡献至关重要。EVs的内容是细胞来源特异性的，将在受体细胞中引起不同的信号反应。EVs的特异性以及它们在液体活检中易于获取的液体空间中的积累使它们成为潜在疾病生物标记物和治疗药物。EVs作为有利（治疗）或不利（病理）的信使的二元性是上下文相关的，仍需在稳态和各种疾病状态下充分确定。本综述介绍了EVs作为生物标志物、药物传递载体和再生治疗的应用，重点介绍了涉及病毒感染、癌症和神经系统疾病的例子。越来越多的证据表明，基于个体病人和疾病特征提供个性化治疗的兴趣不断增长。由于EVs的多样性和多功能性，越来越多的证据表明EV生物标志物和治疗方法是个性化医学理想的选择。 版权所有 © 2022 The Authors. 由Elsevier Ltd.出版。保留所有权利。

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released from all cells in the body, forming an important intercellular communication network that contributes to health and disease. The contents of EVs are cell source-specific, inducing distinct signaling responses in recipient cells. The specificity of EVs and their accumulation in fluid spaces that are accessible for liquid biopsies make them highly attractive as potential biomarkers and therapies for disease. The duality of EVs as favorable (therapeutic) or unfavorable (pathological) messengers is context dependent and remains to be fully determined in homeostasis and various disease states. This review describes the use of EVs as biomarkers, drug delivery vehicles, and regenerative therapeutics, highlighting examples involving viral infections, cancer, and neurological diseases. There is growing interest to provide personalized therapy based on individual patient and disease characteristics. Increasing evidence suggests that EV biomarkers and therapeutic approaches are ideal for personalized medicine due to the diversity and multifunctionality of EVs.Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.