阿尔茨海默病（AD）是一种逐渐出现记忆丧失和认知以及行为能力下降的进行性神经退行性疾病。AD是导致痴呆最常见的原因，全球有超过五千万人受到其影响，是一个重要的健康问题。尽管进行了几十年的研究，AD的成因尚不清楚，在目前还没有找到有效的治疗方法。因此，迫切需要增加对AD病理生理学的了解，以期开发出迫切需要的治疗方法。分析AD发病的细胞和分子机制一直是具有挑战性的，因为最常用的模型系统，如转基因动物和二维神经元培养，不能完全重现AD病理的特征。最近出现了三维人脑器官，为利用人类化的模型系统研究AD提供了独特的机会。在这篇综述中，我们总结了使用人脑器官对AD进行研究的相关研究，这些器官能够重现AD的主要病理成分，包括β淀粉样蛋白和tau的聚集、神经炎症、线粒体功能障碍、氧化应激和突触和神经回路失调。此外，还讨论了目前人脑器官建模系统面临的挑战和未来发展方向。

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by gradual memory loss and declining cognitive and executive functions. AD is the most common cause of dementia, affecting more than 50 million people worldwide, and is a major health concern in society. Despite decades of research, the cause of AD is not well understood and there is no effective curative treatment so far. Therefore, there is an urgent need to increase understanding of AD pathophysiology in the hope of developing a much-needed cure. Dissecting the cellular and molecular mechanisms of AD pathogenesis has been challenging as the most commonly used model systems such as transgenic animals and two-dimensional neuronal culture do not fully recapitulate the pathological hallmarks of AD. The recent advent of three-dimensional human brain organoids confers unique opportunities to study AD in a humanised model system by encapsulating many aspects of AD pathology. In the present review, we summarise the studies of AD using human brain organoids that recapitulate the major pathological components of AD including amyloid-β and tau aggregation, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and synaptic and circuitry dysregulation. Additionally, the current challenges and future directions of the brain organoids modelling system are discussed.