虽然生物标记常常用于人类预测发病率和死亡率，但是我们最亲密的亲属中缺乏类似的数据。此研究分析了被圈养的黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩的16个生物标记，样本来自于日常和非常规兽医麻醉收集的血清样本。使用广义线性模型和广义线性混合模型来确定每个生物标记预测全因发病率（定义为至少一种慢性病的存在）或是心脏疾病作为全因发病率的子集的效果。使用Cox比例风险模型来检查生物标记与任何原因的死亡风险之间的关联。针对每个物种使用两个数据集进行分析，一个是保留全部值的数据集（黑猩猩：n=148; 倭黑猩猩：n=33），另一个是仅使用日常麻醉收集的样本的数据集（黑猩猩：n=95; 倭黑猩猩：n=23）。在黑猩猩的两个数据集中得到一致的结果包括高皮质醇与全因发病风险的关联、低肌酐与心脏疾病风险的关联、高肌酐与死亡风险的关联。在倭黑猩猩中，高皮质醇与心脏疾病风险的增加、低去氢表雄酮硫酸酯、果糖胺和甘油三酯与心脏疾病风险的降低有关。然而，也存在一些数据集之间的不一致性，例如当保留所有值时，肿瘤坏死因子-α在黑猩猩中预测死亡风险为正，但仅在日常值数据集中为负。尽管黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩之间具有较近的进化关系，但两个物种中唯一观察到的结果是在保留所有值的数据集中，白蛋白与死亡风险存在负相关。因此，数据表明一些生物标记可能是有用的未来健康结果的预测因子，但需要更好地理解个体和物种变异以及它们对健康风险的贡献。 © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC。

Although biomarkers are often used for predicting morbidity and mortality in humans, similar data are lacking in our closest relatives. This study analyzed 16 biomarkers in zoo-housed chimpanzees and bonobos from serum samples collected during both routine and nonroutine veterinary immobilizations. Generalized linear and generalized linear mixed models were used to determine the efficacy of each biomarker to predict all-cause morbidity, defined as the presence of at least one chronic condition, or cardiac disease as a subset of all-cause morbidity. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine associations between biomarkers and mortality risk from any cause. Analyses were conducted using two data sets for each species, one with all values retained (chimpanzees: n = 148; bonobos: n = 33) and the other from samples collected during routine immobilizations only (chimpanzees: n = 95; bonobos: n = 23). Consistent results across both data sets in chimpanzees included associations of higher cortisol with all-cause morbidity risk, lower creatinine with cardiac disease risk, and higher creatinine with mortality risk, and in bonobos were increased cardiac disease risk with higher cortisol and lower dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, fructosamine, and triglycerides. However, there were some inconsistencies between data sets, such as tumor necrosis factor-α predicting mortality risk positively in chimpanzees when all values were retained, but negatively for routine values only. Despite the close evolutionary relationships between chimpanzees and bonobos, the only result observed in both species was a negative association between albumin and mortality risk in the all values retained data sets. Thus, data suggest some biomarkers may be useful predictors of future health outcomes, although a better understanding of both individual and species variation in biomarkers and their contribution to health risks is needed.© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.