癌症疫苗代表了一种向个性化免疫疗法迈进的有前途的策略，其疗效高度依赖于肿瘤抗原的特异性。在这些广泛研究过的肿瘤抗原中，新抗原是一种短的合成肽，来源于随机体细胞突变，已被证明能够诱导肿瘤特异性抗肿瘤免疫反应以抑制肿瘤生长。然而，将新抗原高效而安全地传递到淋巴结内的抗原呈递细胞中，以诱导强大和持久的抗肿瘤免疫反应，仍面临挑战。生物材料的快速发展，包括各种纳米材料、可注射的水凝胶和宏观支架，被认为有很大的潜力促进高负载和可控释放能力的有效癌症疫苗的构建。在这篇综述中，我们将总结和讨论不同类型的生物材料构建新抗原为基础的癌症疫苗的最新进展，随后对这种生物材料辅助的癌症新抗原疫苗接种和个性化免疫疗法的未来发展进行简单的展望。这些生物材料辅助的癌症疫苗的最新进展已经显示出很大的潜力，大大提高了肿瘤特异性抗肿瘤免疫力，抑制肿瘤生长，从而预防肿瘤转移和复发。

Cancer vaccine represents a promising strategy toward personalized immunotherapy, and its therapeutic potency highly relies on the specificity of tumor antigens. Among these extensively studied tumor antigens, neoantigens, a type of short synthetic peptides derived from random somatic mutations, have been shown to be able to elicit tumor-specific antitumor immune response for tumor suppression. However, challenges remain in the efficient and safe delivery of neoantigens to antigen-presenting cells inside lymph nodes for eliciting potent and sustained antitumor immune responses. The rapid advance of biomaterials including various nanomaterials, injectable hydrogels, and macroscopic scaffolds has been found to hold great promises to facilitate the construction of efficient cancer vaccines attributing to their high loading and controllable release capacities.In this review, we will summarize and discuss the recent advances in the utilization of different types of biomaterials to construct neoantigen-based cancer vaccines, followed by a simple perspective on the future development of such biomaterial-assisted cancer neoantigen vaccination and personalized immunotherapy.These latest progresses in biomaterial-assisted cancer vaccinations have shown great promises in boosting substantially potentiated tumor-specific antitumor immunity to suppress tumor growth, thus preventing tumor metastasis and recurrence.