有各种不同的血液学恶性肿瘤以及不同的临床表现和预后。血液学恶性肿瘤患者可能需要因诊断时或治疗相关的影响和并发症而住院重症监护。尽管这些需要重症监护的患者的预后已经得到改善，但在最佳临床管理方面仍存在不确定性。鉴定需要重症监护的患者并不容易，选择性止丧治疗的介入可以有助于减少不必要的、无益的治疗。虽然血液学恶性肿瘤患者可以对重症监护医师提出挑战，但可以取得良好的预后。在这篇论文综述中，我们为重症监护医师提供了相关血液学恶性肿瘤的简要概述和最近治疗进展的总结。随后，我们关注血液学恶性肿瘤患者的重症监护管理，包括败血症；急性呼吸衰竭；肿瘤溶解综合征的预防和治疗；血小板减少症；以及静脉血栓栓塞。我们还讨论了免疫治疗特异相关的并发症及其管理，包括嵌合抗原受体T细胞治疗相关的细胞因子释放综合征和免疫效应细胞相关的神经毒性综合征。尽管血液学恶性肿瘤的管理是高度专业化和日益集中化的，但急病患者通常因并发症在当地医院接受重症监护专家的治疗。本文的目的是为非专业的重症监护团队提供一个当代疾病和管理原则的概述。© 2023作者。由John Wiley & Sons Ltd代表麻醉医师协会出版的《麻醉》杂志。

There are a diverse range of haematological malignancies with varying clinical presentations and prognoses. Patients with haematological malignancy may require admission to critical care at the time of diagnosis or due to treatment related effects and complications. Although the prognosis for such patients requiring critical care has improved, there remain uncertainties in optimal clinical management. Identification of patients who will benefit from critical care admission is challenging and selective involvement of palliative care may help to reduce unnecessary and non-beneficial treatments. While patients with haematological malignancy can present a challenge to critical care physicians, good outcomes can be achieved. In this narrative review, we provide a brief overview of relevant haematological malignancies for the critical care physician and a summary of recent treatment advances. Subsequently, we focus on critical care management for the patient with haematological malignancy including sepsis; acute respiratory failure; prevention and treatment of tumour lysis syndrome; thrombocytopaenia; and venous thromboembolism. We also discuss immunotherapeutic-specific related complications and their management, including cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell associated neurotoxicity syndrome associated with chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. While the management of haematological malignancies is highly specialised and increasingly centralised, acutely unwell patients often present to their local hospital with complications requiring critical care expertise. The aim of this review is to provide a contemporary overview of disease and management principles for non-specialist critical care teams.© 2023 The Authors. Anaesthesia published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Association of Anaesthetists.