经由肺部输送的药物主要用于治疗各种呼吸道疾病，包括哮喘，慢性阻塞性肺疾病，呼吸道感染和肺癌以及肺血管疾病，如肺动脉高压。为了治疗呼吸系统疾病，有针对性的，改良的或控制释放的吸入制剂可以提高患者的遵从力和治疗效果。本综述总结了对吸入式改良释放制剂方法的影响因素，重点关注各种制剂策略，包括溶解速度控制系统，药物络合物，特定部位的递送，药物-聚合物共轭物和药物-聚合物矩阵系统，脂质基质颗粒，纳米系统以及可以通过黏液纤毛系统和肺泡巨噬细胞的清除的制剂。吸入式改良释放制剂可以通过延长药物在肺中的停留时间潜在地降低用药频率。然而，吸入式改良或控释药物递送系统在商业化方面仍未被广泛开发和应用。本文评述了吸入式控制释放制剂的现有技术水平，并详细阐述了发展针对各种药物，具有定制释放曲线的吸入递送新技术的途径，并解释了改良释放吸入制剂应用的转化可行性所面临的挑战。

Drugs delivered via the lungs are predominantly used to treat various respiratory disorders, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, respiratory tract infections and lung cancers, and pulmonary vascular diseases such as pulmonary hypertension. To treat respiratory diseases, targeted, modified or controlled release inhalation formulations are desirable for improved patient compliance and superior therapeutic outcome.This review summarizes the important factors that have an impact on the inhalable modified release formulation approaches with a focus toward various formulation strategies, including dissolution rate-controlled systems, drug complexes, site-specific delivery, drug-polymer conjugates, and drug-polymer matrix systems, lipid matrix particles, nanosystems, and formulations that can bypass clearance via mucociliary system and alveolar macrophages.Inhaled modified release formulations can potentially reduce dosing frequency by extending drug's residence time in the lungs. However, inhalable modified or controlled release drug delivery systems remain unexplored and underdeveloped from the commercialization perspective. This review paper addresses the current state-of-the-art of inhaled controlled release formulations, elaborates on the avenues for developing newer technologies for formulating various drugs with tailored release profiles after inhalational delivery and explains the challenges associated with translational feasibility of modified release inhalable formulations.