肝细胞癌（HCC）是世界范围内最常见的癌症之一。经典上而言，HCC会在遗传易感人群中发生，他们会接触到危险因素，特别是在肝硬化的情况下。 HCC及其病因存在明显的时间和地理变异。随着时间的推移，HCC的负担已经从低中等的社会人口指数地区转移到了高指数地区，反映了病毒性到非病毒性病因的转变。在地理上，肝炎病毒是亚洲和非洲HCC的主要病因。虽然有遗传条件可增加HCC的风险，但这些诊断在北美和欧洲之外很少得到认可。在这篇综述中，我们将评估HCC的流行病学趋势和风险因素，并讨论HCC的遗传学，包括单基因疾病、单核苷酸多态性、肠道微生物组和体细胞突变。版权所有©2023 AGA研究所。由爱思唯尔出版公司保留所有权利。

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading cancers worldwide. Classically, HCC develops in genetically susceptible individuals who are exposed to risk factors, especially in the presence of liver cirrhosis. Significant temporal and geographic variations exist for HCC and its etiologies. Over time, the burden of HCC has shifted from the low-moderate to the high sociodemographic index regions, reflecting the transition from viral to nonviral causes. Geographically, the hepatitis viruses predominate as the causes of HCC in Asia and Africa. Although there are genetic conditions that confer increased risk for HCC, these diagnoses are rarely recognized outside North America and Europe. In this review, we will evaluate the epidemiologic trends and risk factors of HCC, and discuss the genetics of HCC, including monogenic diseases, single-nucleotide polymorphisms, gut microbiome, and somatic mutations.Copyright © 2023 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.