原文：Primary brain tumors are the most commonly diagnosed solid tumors in children, and pediatric brain tumor survivors experience lasting, pervasive deficits of neurocognitive functioning. Repeated exposure to anesthetic drugs is a necessary component not only of surgical resection but also of multimodal cancer care for the youngest patients with brain tumors. The potential for anesthetic neurotoxicity to worsen neurocognitive outcomes in this vulnerable group, therefore, warrants our attention and further study through multi-disciplinary collaboration. This review discusses neurocognitive functioning in pediatric brain tumor survivors, highlighting the findings of a recent study of children with tumors of the posterior fossa which identified treatment-related risk factors for neurocognitive difficulties, with those undergoing multimodal therapies (eg, chemotherapy and irradiation) experiencing the greatest deficits compared with healthy controls. The role of anesthetic neurotoxicity in long-term outcomes among pediatric brain tumor survivors is also reviewed. 简体中文：小儿原发性脑肿瘤是最常见的实体瘤之一，而儿童脑肿瘤幸存者则经历持久、普遍的神经认知功能缺陷。重复使用麻醉药物不仅是脑肿瘤手术切除的必要组成部分，也是最年幼的脑肿瘤患者进行多模式癌症治疗的必要组成部分。因此，对于麻醉神经毒性对这一易受伤害的群体的神经认知结局的潜在恶化，我们需要通过跨学科合作进行关注和进一步的研究。本综述讨论了小儿脑肿瘤幸存者的神经认知功能，重点介绍了最近对后颅窝肿瘤儿童进行的一项研究发现的与治疗相关的神经认知困难的风险因素，其中进行多模式疗法（如化疗和放疗）的患者相对于健康对照组经历了更大的缺陷。本综述还回顾了麻醉神经毒性在小儿脑肿瘤幸存者长期结果中的作用。版权所有© 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health，Inc.保留所有权利。

Primary brain tumors are the most commonly diagnosed solid tumors in children, and pediatric brain tumor survivors experience lasting, pervasive deficits of neurocognitive functioning. Repeated exposure to anesthetic drugs is a necessary component not only of surgical resection but also of multimodal cancer care for the youngest patients with brain tumors. The potential for anesthetic neurotoxicity to worsen neurocognitive outcomes in this vulnerable group, therefore, warrants our attention and further study through multi-disciplinary collaboration. This review discusses neurocognitive functioning in pediatric brain tumor survivors, highlighting the findings of a recent study of children with tumors of the posterior fossa which identified treatment-related risk factors for neurocognitive difficulties, with those undergoing multimodal therapies (eg, chemotherapy and irradiation) experiencing the greatest deficits compared with healthy controls. The role of anesthetic neurotoxicity in long-term outcomes among pediatric brain tumor survivors is also reviewed.Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.