消防员的职业接触最近被国际癌症研究机构（IARC）归类为对人类致癌物质。现在，越来越多地使用生物监测来表征消防队员对污染物的接触。然而，现有数据分散，缺乏关于这种消防情境中最相关和最有前途的生物标志物的信息。该综述提供了现有接触生物标志物的全面概述和批判性评估，包括挥发性有机化合物，如多环芳烃，几种其他持久的有机污染物以及检测到参与不同火灾场景的消防员的生物液体中的重金属和金属loid。尿液是最常被研究的基质，其次是血液。消防员的呼吸和唾液很少被评估。总体而言，在消防活动后，化合物的生物水平主要增加了。目前，结合暴露和效果的不同生物标志物的生物监测研究仍然有限，但是探索性研究的结果非常有趣。但是，生物监测仍然存在一些未解决的主要限制，因为大多数生物标志物尚未设定参考或建议值。此外，大多数生物标志物的半衰期尚未定义，这严重阻碍了研究的设计。这些限制需要紧急解决，以改善风险评估并支持实施更好的预防策略。

Occupational exposure as a firefighter has recently been classified as a carcinogen to humans by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Biomonitoring has been increasingly used to characterize exposure of firefighting forces to contaminants. However, available data are dispersed and information on the most relevant and promising biomarkers in this context of firefighting is missing. This review presents a comprehensive summary and critical appraisal of existing biomarkers of exposure including volatile organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, several other persistent other organic pollutants as well as heavy metals and metalloids detected in biological fluids of firefighters attending different fire scenarios. Urine was the most characterized matrix, followed by blood. Firefighters exhaled breath and saliva were poorly evaluated. Overall, biological levels of compounds were predominantly increased in firefighters after participation in firefighting activities. Biomonitoring studies combining different biomarkers of exposure and of effect are currently limited but exploratory findings are of high interest. However, biomonitoring still has some unresolved major limitations since reference or recommended values are not yet established for most biomarkers. In addition, half-lives values for most of the biomarkers have thus far not been defined, which significantly hampers the design of studies. These limitations need to be tackled urgently to improve risk assessment and support implementation of better more effective preventive strategies.