鸦片消费的致癌性最近被国际癌症研究机构（IARC）召集的一个工作组评估。我们通过进行扩展的系统性评估以及定量的荟萃分析评估鸦片消费和特定癌症风险的作用，详细评估荟萃分析结果的各个方面的研究质量。我们搜寻已发表的文献，通过2022年10月31日找到所有有关人类鸦片消费与选择癌症风险的相关研究。使用随机效应模型估算了泌尿膀胱癌、喉癌、肺癌、食道癌、胰腺癌和胃癌的研究的荟萃相对风险（mRR）及其相关的95%置信区间（CI）。采用I2统计法评估研究之间的异质性。我们评估了研究质量并进行敏感性分析，以评估潜在的逆向因果关系、原发性偏倚、选择偏倚、信息偏倚和混杂的影响。总共包括2个前瞻性队列研究和33个病例对照研究。“曾经或经常”与“从未”使用鸦片的总体汇总mRR范围从1.50（95% CI 1.13-1.99，I2 =0%，6项研究）到7.97（95% CI 4.79-13.3，I2=62%，7项研究）的喉癌。对累计鸦片暴露的分析表明，更高的鸦片消费与癌症风险增加相关。排除易受潜在方法学偏倚和混杂的研究的敏感性分析结果表明，结论稳健。研究结果支持鸦片消费与泌尿膀胱癌、喉癌、肺癌、食道癌、胰腺癌和胃癌之间的负面关联。 ©2023年作者。

The carcinogenicity of opium consumption was recently evaluated by a Working Group convened by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). We supplement the recent IARC evaluation by conducting an extended systematic review as well as a quantitative meta-analytic assessment of the role of opium consumption and risk for selected cancers, evaluating in detail various aspects of study quality on meta-analytic findings. We searched the published literature to identify all relevant studies on opium consumption and risk of selected cancers in humans through 31 October, 2022. Meta-relative risks (mRRs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using random-effects models for studies of cancer of the urinary bladder, larynx, lung, oesophagus, pancreas, and stomach. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed using the I2 statistic. We assessed study quality and conducted sensitivity analyses to evaluate the impact of potential reverse causation, protopathic bias, selection bias, information bias, and confounding. In total, 2 prospective cohort studies and 33 case-control studies were included. The overall pooled mRR estimated for 'ever or regular' versus 'never' use of opium ranged from 1.50 (95% CI 1.13-1.99, I2 = 0%, 6 studies) for oesophageal cancer to 7.97 (95% CI 4.79-13.3, I2 = 62%, 7 studies) for laryngeal cancer. Analyses of cumulative opium exposure suggested greater risk of cancer associated with higher opium consumption. Findings were robust in sensitivity analyses excluding studies prone to potential methodological sources of biases and confounding. Findings support an adverse association between opium consumption and cancers of the urinary bladder, larynx, lung, oesophagus, pancreas and stomach.© 2023. The Author(s).