肺癌是德国所有癌症类型中最常见的死因，每年有45000名患者死亡。过去15年中，诊断和治疗方面的创新延长了所有肿瘤阶段非小细胞肺癌患者的生存期。本文对肺癌的诊断和治疗进行了综述，基于当前的国内外指南和前瞻性试验，通过选择性检索文献得到最高水平证据。通过精确的诊断技术，包括功能成像和局限性疾病阶段的内支气管程序，非小细胞肺癌（新诊断85％）患者的预后有所改善。当代手术和放射技术减少了治疗的发病率，扩大了局部治疗的范围。分子病理学，包括预测性生物标志物的评估，是非小细胞肺癌所有肿瘤阶段诊断评估的组成部分，它能够实现分层的细胞毒性/分子靶向治疗和免疫治疗，并改善患者报告的结果。免疫疗法的引入使转移期的长期生存者的比例翻了一倍。相比之下，小细胞肺癌（新诊断15％）患者的生存率没有明显改善。除了在高危人群中实施肺癌筛查外，还可以期望在认证的肺癌中心进一步开发和一致实施个性化的诊断和治疗来延长生存期并提高患者的生活质量。

Lung cancer is the most common cause of death among all types of cancer in Germany, with an annual death rate of 45 000 patients. Over the past 15 years, innovations in diagnosis and treatment have prolonged the survival of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer in all tumor stages.This review of the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer is based on current national and international guidelines, and on prospective trials with the highest possible level of evidence that were retrieved by a selective search of the literature.Improved outcomes in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (85% of new diagnoses) were achieved with the aid of precise diagnostic techniques, including functional imaging and endobronchial procedures for localized disease stage. Contemporary surgical and radio-oncological technologies reduce the morbidity and expand the boundaries of local therapy. Molecular pathology, including the assessment of predictive biomarkers, is an integral part of the diagnostic evaluation of non-small-cell lung cancer in all tumor stages; it enables stratified cytotoxic/molecularly targeted treatments and immunotherapies and improves patient-reported outcomes. The percentage of long-term survivors in the metastatic stage has doubled by the introduction of immunotherapy. In contrast, there has been no major improvement in the survival of patients with small-cell lung cancer (15% of new diagnoses).In addition to the implementation of lung cancer screening in high-risk populations, the further development and consistent implementation of personalized diagnosis and treatment in certified lung cancer centers can be expected to prolong survival and improve the patients' quality of life.