肾细胞癌（RCC）是肾癌的一种重要病理类型，也是全世界最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。早期症状不明显，易于术后转移或复发，对放疗和化疗的敏感度较低，为RCC的诊断和治疗带来了挑战。液体活检是一种新兴的测试方法，可以测量患者的生物标志物，包括循环肿瘤细胞、游离DNA/游离肿瘤DNA、游离RNA、外泌体和肿瘤衍生的代谢物和蛋白质。由于其无创性，液体活检能够连续和实时地收集患者信息，用于诊断、预后评估、治疗监测和反应评估。因此，选择适当的生物标志物进行液体活检对于识别高危患者、制定个体化治疗方案和实践精准医学至关重要。近年来，由于提取和分析技术的快速发展和迭代，液体活检已成为一种低成本、高效率和高准确性的临床检测方法。在本文中，我们全面回顾了过去5年液体活检组分及其临床应用。此外，我们还讨论了其限制并预测了其未来发展前景。 © 2023作者。

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a major pathological type of kidney cancer and is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. The unremarkable symptoms of early stages, proneness to postoperative metastasis or recurrence, and low sensitivity to radiotherapy and chemotherapy pose a challenge for the diagnosis and treatment of RCC. Liquid biopsy is an emerging test that measures patient biomarkers, including circulating tumor cells, cell-free DNA/cell-free tumor DNA, cell-free RNA, exosomes, and tumor-derived metabolites and proteins. Owing to its non-invasiveness, liquid biopsy enables continuous and real-time collection of patient information for diagnosis, prognostic assessment, treatment monitoring, and response evaluation. Therefore, the selection of appropriate biomarkers for liquid biopsy is crucial for identifying high-risk patients, developing personalized therapeutic plans, and practicing precision medicine. In recent years, owing to the rapid development and iteration of extraction and analysis technologies, liquid biopsy has emerged as a low cost, high efficiency, and high accuracy clinical detection method. Here, we comprehensively review liquid biopsy components and their clinical applications over the past 5 years. Additionally, we discuss its limitations and predict its future prospects.© 2023. The Author(s).