自噬是一种生理响应，由多种内源性和外源性刺激激活，包括DNA损伤、蛋白稳态干扰、营养或氧气耗竭和病原体感染等。在感知到这些刺激后，细胞采用多种非选择性和选择性自噬通路促进适应性和生存。重要的是，有各种各样的选择性自噬类型。在本综述中，我们将重点介绍细菌自噬（异噬作用）和线粒体自噬（线粒体噬）两种自噬形式。我们提供简要介绍批量自噬、异噬作用和线粒体噬，强调它们的共同分子因子。我们还描述了异噬作用和线粒体噬在免疫系统检测和消灭病原体以及某些病原体通过进化发展为逃避宿主自噬反应的适应性机制中的作用。最后，我们总结了最近五年与发育生物学、癌症和代谢有关的批量自噬、异噬作用和/或线粒体嵌合的新文章。版权所有©2023 Elsevier Inc.。保留所有权利。

Autophagy is a physiological response, activated by a myriad of endogenous and exogenous cues, including DNA damage, perturbation of proteostasis, depletion of nutrients or oxygen and pathogen infection. Upon sensing those stimuli, cells employ multiple non-selective and selective autophagy pathways to promote fitness and survival. Importantly, there are a variety of selective types of autophagy. In this review we will focus on autophagy of bacteria (xenophagy) and autophagy of mitochondria (mitophagy). We provide a brief introduction to bulk autophagy, as well as xenophagy and mitophagy, highlighting their common molecular factors. We also describe the role of xenophagy and mitophagy in the detection and elimination of pathogens by the immune system and the adaptive mechanisms that some pathogens have developed through evolution to escape the host autophagic response. Finally, we summarize the recent articles (from the last five years) linking bulk autophagy with xenophagy and/or mitophagy in the context on developmental biology, cancer and metabolism.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.