对于肝细胞癌（HCC）的热消融治疗，5年复发率较高，以及该治疗策略是否引起全身免疫反应仍未明确。本研究旨在研究热消融对HCC患者细胞因子谱的影响，并探索细胞因子谱与消融后肿瘤复发之间的相关性。本前瞻性研究共纳入22例HCC患者。使用Bio-Plex Pro Human Cytokine 27-plex Assay kit测量了HCC患者末梢血中27种细胞因子在消融前（基线）、消融后第1周和第4周的水平。细胞因子在消融治疗后呈现不同的动态变化趋势。发现IL-6水平在第1周显著升高，在第4周回到基线水平。IL-10水平在第1周略有降低，第4周显著降低。MCP-1、巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1β（MIP-1β）和TNF-α的水平在第1周减少，并在第4周增加。IL-17、血小板源性生长因子-BB（PDGF-BB）和调控于激活时，正常T细胞表达和分泌的（RANTES）水平在第1周几乎没有变化，第4周有明显增加。基线高IL-10水平（2.99 pg/ml）以及第4周TNF-α（20.4 pg/ml）、PDGF-BB（107.78 pg/ml）和RANTES（2303.94 pg/ml）水平较低的患者在1年随访期内复发风险较高。结果表明热消融通过改变细胞因子水平来激活全身免疫反应。结果还表明，在基线测量IL-10和第4周测量TNF-α、PDGF-BB和RANTES可能能预测肿瘤复发的风险。

The 5-year recurrence rate of thermal ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is high, and whether this treatment strategy induces systemic immune response remains elusive. This study aimed to investigate the effects of thermal ablation on HCC patients' cytokine profiles and to explore the correlation of cytokine profiles with tumor recurrence after ablation. A total of 22 HCC patients were included in this prospective study. The levels of 27 cytokines in the peripheral blood of HCC patients were measured before ablation (baseline), week 1, and week 4 after ablation using a Bio-Plex Pro Human Cytokine 27-plex Assay kit. Cytokines showed different dynamic changing trends after ablation treatment. It was found that the level of IL-6 was significantly elevated at week 1 and returned to the baseline level at week 4 after ablation. The level of IL-10 was slightly reduced at week 1 and significantly decreased at week 4. The levels of MCP-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β), and TNF-α were similarly reduced at week 1 and increased at week 4. The levels of IL-17, platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), and regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) showed little to no change at week 1 while an observable increase at week 4. Patients with a high IL-10 level (2.99 pg/ml) at baseline and low levels of TNF-α (20.4 pg/ml), PDGF-BB (107.78 pg/ml), and RANTES (2303.94 pg/ml) at week 4 were at risk of tumor recurrence during 1-year follow-up. The results suggested that thermal ablation activated systemic immune responses by changing the levels of cytokines. The results also demonstrated that measurement of IL-10 at baseline, TNF-α, PDGF-BB, and RANTES at week 4 after ablation might predict the risk of tumor recurrence.