作为生物学和医学领域的科学家，您精通英语和简化汉语。将以下段落精确翻译成简化汉语，符合学术论文的语言模式，并保持原有陈述结构： 作为二进制开关，RAS蛋白在信号传导过程中切换成开启/关闭状态，并在正常条件下受到束缚。然而，在癌症和RAS病理疾病等与RAS相关的疾病中，调控RAS信号传导的基因或RAS蛋白本身的突变会永久激活RAS蛋白。这种开关的结构基础已经得到了深入的了解，然而，调控RAS蛋白的确切机制还不清楚。RAS/MAPK综合征是由与RAS/丝裂原激活蛋白激酶通路相关的基因的生殖细胞突变引起的多系统发育障碍疾病，影响每1000-2500个儿童中的1个。这些疾病包括多种疾病，如努南综合征（NS）和与NS相关的疾病（NSRD），如心脏面部皮肤（CFC）综合征，Costello综合征（CS）和多发性褐黑斑的NS（NSML，也称为LEOPARD综合征）。与RAS病理相关的心肌病（CM）和肥厚型心肌病的频繁表现表明，RAS病理可能是CM的潜在致病因素。然而，目前的支持性证据零散而不清楚。RAS病理患者还表现出广泛的先天性心脏病（CHD）。超过15个基因编码了RAS/MAPK信号传导通路的组分，这些组分对细胞周期至关重要，并在增殖、分化、生长和代谢方面发挥调节作用。这些基因与这些综合征的分子遗传病因学相关联。然而，对于给定的综合征存在基因异质性，在一方面，对于多个综合征存在多个等位基因，这使得在诊断RAS/MAPK相关疾病时进行分类变得困难。尽管在大多数RAS病理中存在一定的遗传同质性，但有几种RAS病理是等位突变疾病。这种等位性揭示了关键信号节点的作用，并揭示了这些相关综合征之间的重叠。虽然在理解RAS病理的发病机制方面取得了相当大的进展，通过鉴定病因突变和对其发病学后果进行功能分析，但仍然有许多被诊断为RAS病理的患者尚未确定致病基因。 © 2023 Hilal, Chen, Chen和Choudhury.

As binary switches, RAS proteins switch to an ON/OFF state during signaling and are on a leash under normal conditions. However, in RAS-related diseases such as cancer and RASopathies, mutations in the genes that regulate RAS signaling or the RAS itself permanently activate the RAS protein. The structural basis of this switch is well understood; however, the exact mechanisms by which RAS proteins are regulated are less clear. RAS/MAPK syndromes are multisystem developmental disorders caused by germline mutations in genes associated with the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, impacting 1 in 1,000-2,500 children. These include a variety of disorders such as Noonan syndrome (NS) and NS-related disorders (NSRD), such as cardio facio cutaneous (CFC) syndrome, Costello syndrome (CS), and NS with multiple lentigines (NSML, also known as LEOPARD syndrome). A frequent manifestation of cardiomyopathy (CM) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with RASopathies suggest that RASopathies could be a potential causative factor for CM. However, the current supporting evidence is sporadic and unclear. RASopathy-patients also display a broad spectrum of congenital heart disease (CHD). More than 15 genes encode components of the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway that are essential for the cell cycle and play regulatory roles in proliferation, differentiation, growth, and metabolism. These genes are linked to the molecular genetic pathogenesis of these syndromes. However, genetic heterogeneity for a given syndrome on the one hand and alleles for multiple syndromes on the other make classification difficult in diagnosing RAS/MAPK-related diseases. Although there is some genetic homogeneity in most RASopathies, several RASopathies are allelic diseases. This allelism points to the role of critical signaling nodes and sheds light on the overlap between these related syndromes. Even though considerable progress has been made in understanding the pathophysiology of RASopathy with the identification of causal mutations and the functional analysis of their pathophysiological consequences, there are still unidentified causal genes for many patients diagnosed with RASopathies.© 2023 Hilal, Chen, Chen and Choudhury.