近几十年来，脑癌的患病率不断增加，给医疗保健带来了重大挑战。免疫疗法的引入给脑肿瘤的诊断成像带来了显著挑战。肿瘤微环境在原发性脑肿瘤和脑转移后经历了显著的免疫抑制和免疫反应的改变，影响了脑肿瘤的发展和转移。因此，对于临床实践和监测，需要具有有效和准确的神经影像技术。然而，脑肿瘤患者可能会出现放射性坏死或其他神经炎症。目前，正电子发射断层扫描和各种磁共振成像技术在诊断和评估脑肿瘤中起着至关重要的作用。然而，区分脑肿瘤和坏死病变或炎症组织仍然是临床诊断中一个重大挑战，对于免疫治疗和精准肿瘤学的进展，强调了对于诊断和监测神经炎症的临床可应用的影像测量的重要性。本综述总结了近期神经影像方法在改善脑肿瘤诊断特异性和评估炎症病变方面的最新进展。版权所有 © 2023 张，王，齐。

The prevalence of brain cancer has been increasing in recent decades, posing significant healthcare challenges. The introduction of immunotherapies has brought forth notable diagnostic imaging challenges for brain tumors. The tumor microenvironment undergoes substantial changes in induced immunosuppression and immune responses following the development of primary brain tumor and brain metastasis, affecting the progression and metastasis of brain tumors. Consequently, effective and accurate neuroimaging techniques are necessary for clinical practice and monitoring. However, patients with brain tumors might experience radiation-induced necrosis or other neuroinflammation. Currently, positron emission tomography and various magnetic resonance imaging techniques play a crucial role in diagnosing and evaluating brain tumors. Nevertheless, differentiating between brain tumors and necrotic lesions or inflamed tissues remains a significant challenge in the clinical diagnosis of the advancements in immunotherapeutics and precision oncology have underscored the importance of clinically applicable imaging measures for diagnosing and monitoring neuroinflammation. This review summarizes recent advances in neuroimaging methods aimed at enhancing the specificity of brain tumor diagnosis and evaluating inflamed lesions.Copyright © 2023 Dong, Wang and Qi.