本研究探讨了伊朗中部阿兰奥比德戈尔城市地区的表层土壤污染情况，重点关注潜在有毒元素（PTEs）。共对不同土地类型的135个表层土壤样本进行了表征，涵盖农业农田、沙漠、工业和住宅活动区以及砖窑等区域。其平均浓度（mg kg-1）为Cd：0.72，Pb：11.41，Cu：14.82，Ni：29.87，Cr：51.13，Co：106.69，Fe：8741.87，Zn：48.59，Mn：346.42，所有元素的浓度均高于当地背景水平。结果表明土地利用显著影响了PTE的浓度。住宅区和砖窑区的土壤中Cr，Co，Mn和Fe浓度特别高。相反，农业和住宅区的Cu，Ni和Zn浓度较高。风险评估分析表明，砖窑区（1.72），住宅区（1.82）和农业区（1.79）的PTE毒性单位之和超过其他土地类型，Ni和Cr对高毒性风险指数值的贡献最大。土壤中PTE的致癌和非致癌风险指数均在可接受范围内，但在儿童中，Ni（3.52E-04）和Cr（3.00E-04）的癌症风险超过了可接受范围。土壤中PTE的空间危险指数和致癌健康风险显示，研究区西南部的样本可能对成人和儿童产生严重健康问题。本研究演示了如何结合不同技术来对PTE的空间积累进行表征，并保护处于风险中的人群。©2023. 作者（或作者团队）已独家授权Springer Nature B.V.使用。

This study examines topsoil contamination in Aran-o-Bidgol urban region of central Iran, with a focus on potentially toxic elements (PTEs). A total of 135 topsoil samples in different land types were characterized, ranging from areas with agricultural farms, desert, industrial and residential activity, and brick kilns. The average concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, Co, Fe, Zn, and Mn were 0.72, 11.41, 14.82, 29.87, 51.13, 106.69, 8741.87, 48.59, and 346.42 mg kg-1, respectively, which all exceed the local background levels. The results reveal that land use significantly affected PTE concentrations. Cr, Co, Mn, and Fe concentrations in soils of residential and brick kiln areas were especially high. In contrast, concentrations of Cu, Ni, and Zn were higher in agricultural and residential areas. Risk assessment analysis showed that the sum of toxic units for PTEs for brick kilns (1.72), residential (1.82), and agricultural (1.79) areas exceeded those of other land types and that Ni and Cr contributed the most to the high toxic risk index values. Both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk indices of PTEs in soils were within an acceptable limit, except for the cancer risk of Ni (3.52E-04) and Cr (3.00E-04) among children. The spatial hazard index and carcinogenic health risk of PTEs showed that samples from the southwestern parts of the study area might pose significant health problems to adults and children. This study demonstrates how combining different techniques can help spatially characterize PTE accumulation and protect populations at risk.© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.