气管支气管肿瘤比肺实质肿瘤更为罕见，但可能与严重的发病率和死亡率相关。它们包括一系列恶性和良性实体的广泛鉴别，远远超出了常见的病理条件，如鳞状细胞癌和类癌瘤。气道病变可能是影像学的偶然发现，也可能表现为与气道狭窄或粘膜刺激有关的症状，邻近结构的侵袭，或远处转移性疾病。虽然临床表现、影像学特征和支气管镜外观之间存在相当大的重叠，但对潜在的鉴别要素的了解可以帮助缩小诊断范围。作者回顾了涉及气管支气管树的广泛肿瘤实体的流行病学、影像学特征、典型解剖分布、支气管镜外观和组织病理学结果。恶性肿瘤的讨论包括鳞状细胞癌、恶性涎腺肿瘤（腺样囊性癌和黏液表皮样癌）、类癌瘤、肉瘤、原发性气管支气管淋巴瘤和炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤。讨论的良性肿瘤包括错构瘤、软骨瘤、脂肪瘤、乳头瘤、淀粉样瘤、平滑肌瘤、神经源性病变和良性涎腺肿瘤（多形腺瘤和粘液腺瘤）。熟悉潜在实体的范围和任何区分特征对于胸部放射科医师、肺科医师和心胸外科医生在临床实践中遇到大量的气管支气管肿瘤是有价值的。在病理学确认之前，应注意任何可能有助于得出更具体诊断的特征。

Tracheobronchial neoplasms are much less common than lung parenchymal neoplasms but can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. They include a broad differential of both malignant and benign entities, extending far beyond more commonly known pathologic conditions such as squamous cell carcinoma and carcinoid tumor. Airway lesions may be incidental findings at imaging or manifest with symptoms related to airway narrowing or mucosal irritation, invasion of adjacent structures, or distant metastatic disease. While there is considerable overlap in clinical manifestation, imaging features, and bronchoscopic appearances, an awareness of potential distinguishing factors may help narrow the differential diagnosis. The authors review the epidemiology, imaging characteristics, typical anatomic distributions, bronchoscopic appearances, and histopathologic findings of a wide range of neoplastic entities involving the tracheobronchial tree. Malignant neoplasms discussed include squamous cell carcinoma, malignant salivary gland tumors (adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma), carcinoid tumor, sarcomas, primary tracheobronchial lymphoma, and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor. Benign neoplasms discussed include hamartoma, chondroma, lipoma, papilloma, amyloidoma, leiomyoma, neurogenic lesions, and benign salivary gland tumors (pleomorphic adenoma and mucous gland adenoma). Familiarity with the range of potential entities and any distinguishing features should prove valuable to thoracic radiologists, pulmonologists, and cardiothoracic surgeons when encountering the myriad of tracheobronchial neoplasms in clinical practice. Attention is paid to any features that may help render a more specific diagnosis before pathologic confirmation. ©RSNA, 2023 Quiz questions for this article are available in the supplemental material.