应用免疫检查点抑制剂（ICIs）治疗的癌症患者易患多种多样的免疫相关不良事件（irAEs），且其范围广泛且变化多样。随着ICIs的临床使用增加，定义irAE发生的机制比以往任何时候都更加重要。然而，目前很难预测这些irAE何时发生以及可能影响哪个器官，并且对于许多严重的irAE，无法获得组织样本使得了解其机制变得困难。在临床环境中缺乏对irAE发展的理解，强调了需要更多使用预临床模型，以便改进对ICI引发的irAE的生物标志物的预测，或者验证可以抑制irAE而不妨碍抗肿瘤免疫应答的治疗选项。本文讨论了预临床模型的实用性，从探索数据库到体内动物模型，着重介绍了它们在哪些方面最有用以及可以改进的地方。© 2023 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are susceptible to a broad and variable array of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). With increasing clinical use of ICIs, defining the mechanism for irAE development is more critical than ever. However, it currently remains challenging to predict when these irAEs occur and which organ may be affected, and for many of the more severe irAEs, inaccessibility to the tissue site hampers mechanistic insight. This lack of understanding of irAE development in the clinical setting emphasizes the need for greater use of preclinical models that allow for improved prediction of biomarkers for ICI-initiated irAEs or that validate treatment options that inhibit irAEs without hampering the anti-tumor immune response. Here, we discuss the utility of preclinical models, ranging from exploring databases to in vivo animal models, focusing on where they are most useful and where they could be improved.© 2023 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.