近年来，通过调节免疫系统来治疗疾病，包括髓系恶性肿瘤，已经导致了众多新的治疗方法的发展。骨髓增生异常综合征或肿瘤（MDS）和急性髓系白血病（AML）是来源于造血干细胞和祖细胞（HSPCs）缺陷的血液恶性肿瘤。异常调节的免疫反应，尤其是先天免疫和炎症途径的紊乱，与MDS和AML发病中的HSPC缺陷的获得高度相关。除了利用免疫系统在免疫治疗干预（如CAR-T细胞疗法、疫苗和免疫检查点抑制剂）中，缓解MDS和AML中先天免疫和炎症反应的紊乱仍然是减缓这些髓系恶性肿瘤发展的优先任务。本综述全面总结了在MDS和AML治疗中调节免疫系统的各种策略的当前进展。

Modulating the immune system to treat diseases, including myeloid malignancies, has resulted in the development of a multitude of novel therapeutics in recent years. Myelodysplastic syndromes or neoplasms (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are hematologic malignancies that arise from defects in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Dysregulated immune responses, especially in innate immune and inflammatory pathways, are highly associated with the acquisition of HSPC defects in MDS and AML pathogenesis. In addition to utilizing the immune system in immunotherapeutic interventions such as CAR-T cell therapy, vaccines, and immune checkpoint inhibitors, mitigating dysregulation of innate immune and inflammatory responses in MDS and AML remains a priority in slowing the initiation and progression of these myeloid malignancies. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current progress of diverse strategies to modulate the immune system in the treatment of MDS and AML.