基于石墨烯的纳米材料由于其独特的原子排列引起了纳米医学领域的广泛关注。然而，它们固有的高亲水性在生物系统中带来挑战，从而限制了它们在生物医学领域中的应用。为了解决这一限制，一种方法是在石墨烯表面引入氧功能化基团，从而形成氧化石墨烯(GO)。这种修饰能够改善分散性，增强稳定性，降低毒性，并调控表面性质。本综述旨在探索GO与生物体液之间的相互作用，着重研究治疗诊断学的背景下的“蛋白质包被”（PC）即纳米体系在血液中暴露时形成的富含蛋白质的层。PC的存在改变了GO的表面性质和生物学特性，从而影响其在不同应用中的行为和性能。通过研究这一现象，我们可以了解到生物纳米相互作用及其对核酸和药物输送、活性细胞靶向和细胞信号通路调控等不同意图的生物学影响。此外，我们还讨论了利用生物修饰的GO和个性化PC分析进行诊断的应用，特别关注癌症生物标志物的检测。通过探索这些前沿进展，本综述对于GO基纳米医学在治疗诊断学应用中提供了有价值的洞察。© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.

Graphene-based nanomaterials have attracted significant attention in the field of nanomedicine due to their unique atomic arrangement which allows for manifold applications. However, their inherent high hydrophobicity poses challenges in biological systems, thereby limiting their usage in biomedical areas. To address this limitation, one approach involves introducing oxygen functional groups on graphene surfaces, resulting in the formation of graphene oxide (GO). This modification enables improved dispersion, enhanced stability, reduced toxicity, and tunable surface properties. In this review, we aim to explore the interactions between GO and the biological fluids in the context of theranostics, shedding light on the formation of the "protein corona" (PC) i.e., the protein-enriched layer that formed around nanosystems when exposed to blood. The presence of the PC alters the surface properties and biological identity of GO, thus influencing its behavior and performance in various applications. By investigating this phenomenon, we gain insights into the bio-nano interactions that occur and their biological implications for different intents such as nucleic acid and drug delivery, active cell targeting, and modulation of cell signalling pathways. Additionally, we discuss diagnostic applications utilizing biocoronated GO and personalized PC analysis, with a particular focus on the detection of cancer biomarkers. By exploring these cutting-edge advancements, this comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the rapidly evolving field of GO-based nanomedicine for theranostic applications.© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.