癌症是全球男性和女性死亡的主要原因之一。尽管治疗策略取得了显著进展，但不可避免的耐药性的出现限制了治疗的成功，阻碍了治愈效果。固有耐药和获得性耐药是导致癌症复发的常见机制。多个关键因素关键调节肿瘤发生和耐药性，包括物理屏障、肿瘤微环境（TME）、异质性、遗传和表观遗传改变、免疫系统、肿瘤负荷、生长动力学和难以靶向的目标。此外，转化生长因子-beta (TGF-β)、Notch、表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）、整合素-细胞外基质（ECM）、核因子kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)、磷脂肌醇-3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白 (PI3K/Akt/mTOR)、Wnt/β-连珠蛋白、真核细胞体内酶/信号转导因子（JAK/STAT)和RAS/RAF/丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）信号转导通路是一些在耐药机制中起关键作用的重要参与者。为了指导未来的癌症治疗并改善效果，需要更加深入地理解耐药通路。本综述对固有耐药和获得性耐药进行了综合的概述，并全面介绍了近期研究中使癌细胞能够绕过治疗设立的障碍，以及如同“卫星导航”一样，找到继续“前进”的替代途径的机制。

One of the leading causes of death worldwide, in both men and women, is cancer. Despite the significant development in therapeutic strategies, the inevitable emergence of drug resistance limits the success and impedes the curative outcome. Intrinsic and acquired resistance are common mechanisms responsible for cancer relapse. Several factors crucially regulate tumourigenesis and resistance, including physical barriers, tumour microenvironment (TME), heterogeneity, genetic and epigenetic alterations, the immune system, tumour burden, growth kinetics and undruggable targets. Moreover, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), Notch, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), integrin-extracellular matrix (ECM), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), phosphoinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR), wingless-related integration site (Wnt/β-catenin), Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) and RAS/RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways are some of the key players that have a pivotal role in drug resistance mechanisms. To guide future cancer treatments and improve results, a deeper comprehension of drug resistance pathways is necessary. This review covers both intrinsic and acquired resistance and gives a comprehensive overview of recent research on mechanisms that enable cancer cells to bypass barriers put up by treatments, and, like "satellite navigation", find alternative routes by which to carry on their "journey" to cancer progression.