五元杂环芳香环尤其在药物化学领域中备受关注，因为它们具有增强的代谢稳定性、溶解度和生物利用度，这些因素对于开发有效药物至关重要。五元杂环的独特物理化学性质和生物效应使其成为许多临床有效药物中的关键结构基元。因此，对五元杂环化合物的研究仍然是药物化学中一个重要的研究领域，旨在发现治疗各种疾病的新型治疗药物。本综述介绍了将氮、氧和硫等杂原子引入这些杂环化合物的芳香环中，增强它们的极性，并促进芳香叠瓦相互作用和氢键的形成。组蛋白去乙酰化酶存在于表观遗传学机制中的许多多蛋白复合物中，并在各种细胞过程中起着重要的作用。它们已成为癌症、神经变性疾病和其他治疗适应症的重要靶点。在组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂（HDACi）中，五元杂环扮演了锌结合基团、连接基团或头基团等不同的功能，在结合活性和选择性识别方面起到贡献。本综述专注于提供关于在HDACi结构中使用的不同五元杂环的最新概述，突出它们的生物性能。它总结了过去十年的相关文献，提供了有关该研究领域最近进展的见解。

Five-membered heteroaromatic rings, in particular, have gained prominence in medicinal chemistry as they offer enhanced metabolic stability, solubility and bioavailability, crucial factors in developing effective drugs. The unique physicochemical properties and biological effects of five-membered heterocycles have positioned them as key structural motifs in numerous clinically effective drugs. Hence, the exploration of five-ring heterocycles remains an important research area in medicinal chemistry, with the aim of discovering new therapeutic agents for various diseases. This review addresses the incorporation of heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur into the aromatic ring of these heterocyclic compounds, enhancing their polarity and facilitating both aromatic stacking interactions and the formation of hydrogen bonds. Histone deacetylases are present in numerous multiprotein complexes within the epigenetic machinery and play a central role in various cellular processes. They have emerged as important targets for cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and other therapeutic indications. In histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi's), five-ring heterocycles perform various functions as a zinc-binding group, a linker or head group, contributing to binding activity and selective recognition. This review focuses on providing an up-to-date overview of the different five-membered heterocycles utilized in HDACi motifs, highlighting their biological properties. It summarizes relevant publications from the past decade, offering insights into the recent advancements in this field of research.